THE THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
ESTABLISHED 1915
VOLUME II
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA
1925
The investigation u p o n
which this volume is based was
in part supported by a (/rant
from the Heckscher Founda-
tion for the Advancement of
Research, established by Au-
gust Heckscher at Cornell
University.
IV A?
A MONOGRAPH OF THE
PLECOPTERA
OR
STONEFLIES
OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
' 8 R A N
By
J. G. NEEDHAM and P. W. CLAASSEN
LaFayette, Indiana
1925
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction . 5
Biology 8
Collecting and preserving 9
Diagni stic characters 10
V< nation 12
Genital characters 27
Classification 30
Key to families 31
I I KRONARCIDAE , 32
Pteronarcys 33
Ptercnarcella 41
PERLIDAE 47
Perlodes 50
Isogenus 68
Peiia , 73
Alloperla 104
Chloropsrla 127
Paraperla 129
Kathroperla 131
Neoperla 133
Cliopei-la 137
Isoperla 144
Perlesta 156
Atoperla 160
Perlinella 162
Peltoperla 165
Acroneuria 173
NEMOURIDAE 196
Nemoura 197
Leuctra 222
Perlomyia 234
Taeniopteryx 236
CAPNIDAE 252
Capnia • 253
Capnura 270
Capmdla 271
Bibliography 27!)
Systems of Classification _• 285
List of species 286
Table of distribution by States 290
Finding list foi the plate figures 291
Plates and explanations
Index 392
INTRODUCTION.
It is pleasant to find that the beginning of our
knowledge of North American stoneflies was made by
the "Father of American Entomology," Thomas Say.
In 1823 he described four species in Godmans
Western Quarterly Reporter^ and described them so
well that, although the types were long since lost, we
have been able to recognize them all. The scattered
descriptions that followed during the next four dec-
ades were mostly written by European entomologists
— by Newman and Newport and Walker in England,
by Pictet and Rambur in France, and by Burmeister
in Germany. The first comprehensive review of the
American fauna was that of Hagen, included in his
Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America
(1861). Hagen recognized 61 nominal species in
North America, disposed in seven genera, 40 of the
species being retained in the original genus Perla.
This work was prepared in Koenigsberg, at the spe-
cial request of the Smithsonian Institution, from ma-
terials supplied by that institution and by collabo-
rators. Its publication incited Benjamin D. Walsh,
who then lived in Rock Island, 111., to collect and
study the Neuropteroids of his own vicinity. The
following year (1862) he published a list of the
species in his own collection with descriptions of a
number of new species. He collected so assiduously
that the vicinity of Rock Island, 111., has remained
until recently one of the best worked fields in America
for the Neuropteroid groups. Since Walsh's time,
the one persistent student of the group in America
has been Mr. Nathan Banks. In a long series of pa-
pers he has described many new forms, and he has
twice catalogued the American species (1892 and
1907).
More recently there have been noteworthy contri-
butions to the knowledge of the group in America
by Dr. Lucy Wright Smith (now Mrs. Wilbert A.
Clemens) and by Mr. C. F. Wu. Mr. Wu's work
2 V-^V^
6 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
on Nemoura is so fine a monograph on the structure
and behavior of a very primitive winged insect that
it mighl well serve as a text-book for an introductory
course in entomology. Miss Smith did comparable
though less extensive work on one of Say's original
species, Perla immarginata; and then began a syste-
matic treatment of the order, of which this present
monograph is a continuation. We have done little
more with that portion of the group which she studied
(the Pteronarcidae) than to adopt and incorporate
her results.
In the course of the years during which materials
have been gathered for this monograph, we have been
aided in various ways by so many helpfully minded
people that it is now impossible for us to mention
them all by name, though we wish to acknowledge our
obligation to all. We are especially indebted for the
loan of specimens to the following museums: The
Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard Uni-
versity, the U. S. National Museum, the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History, the Provincial Museum of
Quebec, the California Academy of Sciences, the
American Museum of Natural History; also to the
entomological collections of Stanford University, of
the Universities of Illinois, Kansas, and Michigan,
and of the State Agricultural Colleges of Kansas,
Oregon, Utah, Montana, and North Carolina.
Specimens have been received from the following
individuals: C. P. Alexander, Nathan Banks, C.
Betten, C. S. Brimley, C. R. Crosby, P. P. Calvert,
R. A. Coolev, J. C. Bradley, W. J. Chamberlain,
Norman Criddle, A. N. Caudell, T. D. A. Cockerell,
P. J. Chapman, William T. Davis, George A. Dean,
G. S. Dodds, S. A. Forbes, C, A. Frost, C. P. Gil-
lette, I. M. Hawley, W. E. Hoffman, S. J. Hunter,
\Y. E. Howard, Mrs. W. W. Hippisley, C. W.
Johnson, Trevor Kineaid, A. L. Lovett, J. McDun-
nough, A. E. Miller, Miss G. Myers, R. Matheson,
R. A. Muttkowski, P. B. Powell,' S. A. Rohwer, R.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 7
C. Smith, C. K. Sibley, E. C. VanDyke, E. P. Van-
Duzee, R. J. Weith.
In working over the materials and in the prepara-
tion of drawings we have been aided by many of our
advanced students, especially the following: Miss
Hazel E. Branch, Miss Ellen Edmonson, Miss Mary
J. Fisher, Mrs. Quinta Cattell Kessel, Miss Leola J.
Kruger, Miss Theresa McConnell, Miss Theresa M.
Robinson, Mr. C. F. Wu, also by Mr. Albert Force
and Mr. C. H. Curran. Very special courtesies have
been shown us in the way of museum privileges by
Abbe Huard of the Provincial Museum Quebec ; by
Mr. Samuel Henshaw of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology; by Dr. Walther Horn of the Berlin
Museum, in the loan for study of Burmeister's types
and by Dr. Nathan Banks in the loan of manuscript
notes on types in the British Museum. Our figures
of the species of Pteronarcys are copied from the
plates of Lucy Wright Smith. Much assistance has
been given by Mrs. V. N. Argo in the reading of the
proofs.
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
BIOLOGY.
Stoneflies in their immature stage are all inhabitants
of running water, and so are to be sought as adults in
the vicinity of streams. There is hardly a better way of
obtaining the smaller and less active species than the old-
fashioned entomologists' method of beating the bushes
over an inverted umbrella, or sweeping the streamside
vegetation with a heavy beating net. Many of the larger
Perlidae are attracted to lights at night and may be
sought about the street lamps near streams. The senior
author once found the stout-bodied stonefiy Acroneuria pa-
ct ilea, clinging in numbers to young pine trees on the steep
slopes of the Yellowstone Canyon, and obtained specimens
very easily by shaking the trees, dashing the stoneflies to
the ground, and picking them up before they had run to
cover.
Only a few forms, mostly the greenish ones, are active
by day, and run about over foliage. For the most part
they do not take flight quickly, but many of them run
rapidly and slip into hiding places most adroitly. Adult
stoneflies may be collected even in northern latitudes
every month in the year. The small black Capniidae are
the winter forms. These are usually seen on warm days
in winter on fresh banks of snow, where their color makes
them conspicuous. A number of dusky-winged Nemou-
ridae next follow in early spring. The big Pteronarcidae
come next, and the Perlidae fill out the season. Most
characteristic of midsummer are the greenish, diurnal
foliage-inhabiting stoneflies of the genera Isoperla, Al-
loperla, and Chloroperla.
The immature stage (larva, nymph or naiad) re-
sembles, in general, the adult, but the wings are lacking
and they always occur in water, either under stones or
under drifted leaves, debris, etc. The mouthparts are of
the biting type and are well developed. As far as we
know, all nymphs possess long filamentous, many-seg-
mented cerci. Tracheal gills are present in most genera
and are mostly of the filamentous type. The gills may
occur in tufts, or as single filaments and are placed on the
sides of the thorax, on the sides and tip of the abdomen
or in the cervical region. In Taeniopteryx they consist
of three-segmented filaments attached to the coxae. The
gills persist in some of the adults, but are non-functional.
Comparatively little work has been done on the biology
of stoneflies. At least one year seems to be required
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 9
to complete the life cycle, and in some of the larger
species two or even three years may be consumed.
The complete life history of a small species, Nemoura
vallicularia Wu, has recently been published.* This species
passes through 22 developmental instars and completes a
generation in one year. It is entirely herbivorous, feed-
ing upon dead vegetable matter. Heretofore stoneflies
have usually been considered as carnivorous, but the ex-
amination of stomach contents of a number of nymphs in-
dicate that Pteronarcys, Nemoura and others feed upon
vegetable matter only, while Perla, Acroneuria, etc., prey
upon animal forms as well as feeding upon vegetable ma-
terial.
Most stoneflies do not feed in the adult stage, but some
species have well developed mouthparts and one species
Taeniopteryx pacifica Banks — (Taenionema analis Banks) has
been recorded as injuring the buds of fruit trees on the
Pacific Coast.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
Specimens for study are best preserved in alcohol (70
to 80 per cent strength) . They may be pinned and spread
and dried and kept in boxes, as are most other insects,
and the general collector of insects will probably prefer
to keep them so; but their colors fade quickly and they
shrivel like primes in drying, and they form a very un-
attractive part of a pinned collection of insects. Our
method is to preserve fresh material at once in alcohol in
homeopathic vials, hanging the vial's to a handy wire rack
by a small hanger attached to the neck of each vial : the
vials thus hang vertically, and good corks, having no al-
cohol in contact with them, last a long time. We mount
detached wings for study outspread upon a glass slide
under a cover glass that is held by a strip of gummed
paper over each end, binding slide and cover glass to-
gether. All the wing figures of this volume were made
from such mounts. We mount the wings dry, not in bal-#
sam, which having the same refraction as the weaker
veins, render some of them invisible.
For the study of the genitalia we snip off the abdomen,
boil it for a few minutes in caustic potash until the flesh
has been removed and only chitin remains and then keep
this boiled portion in the vial with the unboiled part of
the specimen. We do not mount it in balsam because it
*Wu, C. F. Morphology, Anatomy and Ethology of Nemoura — Bulletin 23,
Entomological Series No. 3, Bulletin of the Lloyd Library, 1923.
10 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
must be free to be turned in any position for study. Only
the color is lost in boiling. In some of the genera the
critical determination of the species is scarcely possible
without this treatment, which loosens up the connectives
between the segments so that hidden, retractile parts
may be exposed.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS.
Stoneflies are the most primitive of winged insects.
Metamorphosis is very slight, even nymphal gills in sev-
eral genera being carried over into adult life. There is
little of that specialization which in the higher insects
fixes color patterns and the finer details of structure along
sharply defined specific lines. All characters of colora-
tion, venation, size and form vary enormously. Even
secondary sexual characters, the ultimate criteria of
species here as in other groups, are relatively inconstant.
The form of the subgenital plate of the female has been
much used to distinguish American species and a most
useful character it is; but it should be used with discre-
tion, for it is subject to malformation and to shrinkage
and distortion on drying, and is altered somewhat with
the age of the specimens. A critical study of the nu-
merous species that have been based on variants of color
patterns and variants of form of subgenital plate, has led
us to the suppression of a good many names as synonyms,
including some of our own. He who, familiar with the
relative fixity of small characters in the higher orders,
turns to the study of the Plecoptera, will soon learn that
he is dealing with differences of another order and of
wider latitude.
In the following pages we propose to give a brief review
of those characters that have proved most useful in the
systematic study of this order of insects ; also, to point
out certain limitations in the use of these characters.
Stoneflies are soft-bodied insects less constant in struc-
tural details, as already stated, than are the higher
orders. Most readily observable and least distorted in
drying are the wing venation and the proportionate
length of the tarsal segments, and these will serve for
recognition of the larger groups, while here, as elsewhere,
the ultimate criteria for species are found in genitalia.
The head is broad and flattened, widest across the eyes,
that are set far forward in Kathroperla (PI. 1, fig. 11) and
well to rearward in Acroneuria (PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5 and
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 11
8). There is a free antennal sclerite in Pteronarcys, the
angulation of whose upper border varies with groups of
species. There are raised marks upon the frons of two
very different sorts, the foremost being a transverse ele-
vated frontal ridge that usually takes the form of a let-
ter M. The median ocellus stands at the middle point of
the M and sometimes interrupts it. When the outer limbs
of the M disappear the middle portion often remains as
a U or a V. Lateral to the ocellar triangle there is a pair
of tubercles upon the frons. These are generally oval or
round, but may be crescentic, linear or obsolete. The eyes
are of moderate size in all stoneflies but the ocelli are very
variable. The median ocellus is smaller than the laterals
in a number of genera and is entirely wanting in Neoperla
and Peltoperla. The ocelli are smallest and widest apart
in Isogenus, and largest and closest together in Perla ve-
nosa.
The antennae are long and slowly tapering from the
two stout basal segments of the pedicel; the second seg-
ment is always slenderer than the first, and varies from
being nearly as long in Kathroperla to being only about
an eighth as long in Pteronarcys. The remaining seg-
ments are very numerous, cylindric, slowly increasing in
length outward from the base of the flagellum and in the
Isoperla allies and in Taeniopteryx becoming at the tip
twice as long as is the stout basal segment. The total
number of segments comprising the antennae is very
large, numbering between 95 and 100 in the larger species
of Acroneuria, about 60 in Peltoperla and Pteronarcys,
about 40 in Leuctra and about 25 in Capnella.
The mouth parts are of the primitive biting type. The
mandibles are reduced to thin and rather weak rudiments
in the family Perlidae (PL 3, fig. 3) though normally chi-
tinized and functional in the other families (PL 3, fig. 7) :
The only parts that are used for systematic purposes are
the maxillary and labial palpi.
The maxillary palpi are 5- jointed, cylindric, and rather
long. The three terminal segments are similar in length
and thickness in three families, but in Perlidae the ter-
minal segments become progressively reduced, the last
segment reaching its minimum development in Alloperla,
where it is hardly more than a rudiment. The terminal
segment of the labial palpi is relatively less reduced in
Alloperla, but is generally smaller than the preceding
segment throughout the order.
The prothorax is generally quadrangular, in only a few
12 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
species (Pteronarcys) is it widened to rearward. It is
transversely oval in Kathroperla, Paraperla, Alloperla
and Chloroperla, and is strongly narrowed behind and
often broadly rounded at the rear in Perla. The ru-
gosities upon the sides of the disc are often polished em-
bossed markings, arranged in patterns more or less in-
definite but often roughly characteristic of groups.
The legs are strong, with laterally flattened femora
(toothed in Taeniopteryx maura), and the tarsi are three
jointed and bear stout terminal claws. The relative length
of the three tarsal segments has long been successfully
used to distinguish the principal groups. These are of
nearly equal length in Taeniopteryx only. The middle one
alone becomes greatly reduced in length in the remaining
Nemouridae and in the Capnidae. The two basal seg-
ments become reduced together (the basal one more
slowly) in Pteronarcys and Perlidae, extreme and equal
reduction occurring in the genus Alloperla.
The legs increase in length from front to rear, the hind
ones becoming relatively longest in Pteronarcella. Femur
and tibia are of equal length in Acroneuria but the tibia
becomes a fourth the longer in Peltoperla. Tibial spurs
are strongly developed in Nemoura and Taeniopteryx, but
become rudimentary in Acroneuria. The claws, always
well developed, are relatively shortest in Pteronarcella
and longest in Acroneuria, and they are armed beneath
with a spinelike tooth in Peltoperla.
Venation.
The veins of the wings of stoneflies are those indi-
cated in the accompanying explanatory diagram. In the
more generalized Pteronarcidae crossveins are numerous
and tend to be distributed generally over the surface of
the wing, but in the higher and more typical Plecoptera,
the number of crossveins is reduced, those remaining be-
ing the same ones present in other large orders of in-
sects (the crossveins that bear individual names in the
figure) together with two series of less regular and less
constant crossveins that extend outward from the wing
base, one in the costal space in linear series, and one in
the median and cubital crossveins, a double line in parallel
series. This last series appears to be peculiar to the order
Plecoptera. So also is the basal fusion of veins Rs and M
in the hind wing.
There are two lines of transverse bracing across the
wing. These are both formed in part from principal
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA
13
crossveins and in part from angulated portions of longi-
tudinal veins. The basal one comprises the humeral
crossvein at the front, the arculus and cubito-anal cross-
5th A ^^^"^ 4thA
Fig. 1. Diagram of wing venation in the Plecoptera. The principal
veins are designated by letters: C=Costa, $c=Subcosta,
R — "Radius, M=Media, C?M=Cubitus, Jr=Anal, Es=radial sec-
tor, the principal branch of the Radius. A pins sign between
letters i?idicates these veins are fused together. The more
typical crossveins are designated as follows: fe — humeral
crossvein, r^inter-radial crossvein, ?--w=radio-median cross-
vein, m — median crossvein, m-cu — m edio-cubital crossvein,
Ctt-a=cubito-anal crossvein. Other veins and areas are des-
. ignated as follows: flrc=arculus which is a crossvein to which
is often added a deflected basal portion of either of the
veins it connects; sfc=:stigma, a thickening in the costal space
beyond the tip of the sub-costal vein; a=anal cell; int=m-
ter-radial cell; CORD=the cord, a line of transverse join-
ings, composed of crossveins and the bases of principal
forks, extending from the stigma obliquely backward to the
cubital vein. The broad area bounded externally by the cord
is sometimes spoken of as the wing disc.
veins in the middle and the crossvein that delimits the
anal cell at the rear. The outer line of bracing is called
the transverse cord (or, more briefly, simply the cord).
1 }• THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Three principal crossveins, together with portions of the
veins they connect enter into its composition. These are
the interradial, the radio-median and the medio-cubital
crossveins, — all rather constantly present, unless elimi-
nated by fusion of the adjacent veins at the point where
they would normally be present. The cord divides the
wing broadly into inner and outer fields. The middle por-
tion of the wing lying between the arculus and the cord
is often referred to as the wing disc. The point of origin
(separation from vein Rl) of vein Rs in the fore wing
and the point of separation of veins Rs and M in the hind
wing are often stated in terms of the distance between
the arculus and the cord. This distance is measured
along the vein in front (Rl in the fore wing, Rs in the
hind wing).
The costal vein is always simple and borders the wing
at the front.
The subcostal vein is typically forked at its tips with
forks that are short and divaricate and that usually simu-
late crossveins, one joining costa, the other joining
radius. The latter is usually longer and stronger so that
the subcosta seems to end in the radius, but in Leuctra
and Perlomyia it seems to end in the costa. Its tip sur-
passes the cord in Acroneuria and a few of the larger
Perlas, but in most species it does not reach the level of
the cord, and it is much shortened in Alloperla. Always
it is a weak vein, and tends to fade out along with the an-
nexed costal crossveins.
The radius is a strong vein, which with its branches
supports the wing apex. The radial sector bears a vari-
able number of branches, that are generally in a unilateral
arrangement (rarely twice dichotomously forked as in
the typical insect wing) and all springing from the pos-
terior side. The point of origin of the hindmost branch
and the point of separation of the sector from Rl at its
base in the fore wing, and the extent of basal fusion of
the sector with the median vein in the hind wing furnish
useful systematic characters.
The median vein is usually two-branched, there being
a single simple fork the base of which enters into the
composition of the cord. Rarely, as in Perla venosa (PI. 11,
fig. 8) there appears to be the full typical complement of
four branches. Often a deflected bit of the base of media
enters into the composition of the arculus.
The cubital vein is typically two-branched, with often
some accessory branches on the tip of Cul. These are
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA
15
generally arranged unilaterally, springing either from
the posterior side as in Perla or from the anterior side as
in Perlinella. In Alloperla and Chloroperla Cu2 becomes
greatly abbreviated.
The anal veins are usually three in the fore wing and
five in the hind wing, variously reduced, variously spaced,
and variously branching. They furnish important sys-
tematic characters, that are only to be studied in wings
fully outspread. In the hind wing all of these but the
first are branched in the Pteronarcidae. The second one is
most extensively and remarkably branched in Acroneuria
arenosa (PI. 16, fig 2). Between the bases of the first and
second lies the anal cell, an important feature of wing
topography, especially in the fore wing, where, for-
tunately, it may be examined in the wings when closed
over the back.
The venation as a whole is remarkably instable. Char-
acters cannot be stated with the same definiteness as in
the higher orders. Every statement must admit of ex-
ceptions ; and he who examines the venation of a stonefly
while using keys and descriptions should examine all the
Wings of Pteronarcys proteus Newm.
1!) THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
wings. Three at least out of four will usually be found
in agreement.
Much confusion in key-making in the past has arisen
out of too great dependence on such characters as the
hing of the radial sector and the number of cross-
veins in the several series. Occasionally the normal male
of a species would go by the key into one genus and the
female into another. In order to determine what char-
acters may be trusted and how far trusted, the senior
author has made variation studies of a few series of
wings in the Perlidae, and the results are presented in
the following pages.
Variation in Pteronarcys dorsata. — This was studied in
20 males and 8 females. The branching of the radial sec-
tor was as follows :
3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring $ 3 28 42 7
occurring 9 12 13 6 1
Both $ and 9 3 40 55 13 1
From this it appears that the radial sector is typically
five branched: on the five typical branches extra twigs
appeared in 19 out of the 112 wings.
The branching of cubital vein (vein M being inter-
preted as two branched) was as follows:
No. of branches., 12 3 4
Times occurring <$ 1 31 41 4
Times occurring 9 1 8 20 3
Both o and 9 2 39 61 7
Extra twigs occurred on the first, second and third
longest of these branches 52, 13 and 2 times respectively.
Longitudinal rows of cells within the cubital fork oc-
curred as follows :
No. of cell rows 1 V2 2 2y2 3
Times occurring S and 9 - i 34 19 2
with no significant differences between £ and $ .
The number of crossveins in cell M varied about a dif-
ferent mode in fore and hind wing, as shown in the fol-
lowing figures:
No. of crossveins I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
.Times occurring, f. wing 1 13 1!' 15 2 5 1
Times occurring, h. wing....] 8 25 16 6
The number of cells in the irregular meshwork in the
space between veins R and R2 beyond the cord varied
from 3 to 12, with the mode at 5 but with chaotic dis-
tribution of the variants.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
17
Fusions between principal veins, eliminating the cross-
veins that normally stand between occurred in all 23 times
and in 17 of the 28 specimens, in a single wing of a speci-
men 13 times; in front wings 6 times; in hind wings 16
times; between veins Rs and M 7 times; between veins
M and Cu 13 times; between the branches of vein M 3
times.
Variation in Perla varians. — Walsh, the describer of
this species, noted its remarkable variability and gave it
an appropriate name. We have had no long series of
specimens from any single locality, and have used seven
specimens collected together at one time at Elkhart, Ind.,
Sc
4thA
3dA
5thA
Fig. 3. Wings of Perla various Walsh.
for the study of just a few wing characters con-
nected with the cord. The radial sector was 3-branched
in 25 of the 28 wings, two branched (had a single fork)
in the other two.
It has been noted by every one that this species tends
to preserve a cell adjacent to the cord in the space be-
tween veins Rs and M. The variation in respect to extra
crossveins in this space is as follows :
18 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
No. of extra erossveins 0 12
Times occurring, fore wing 7 6 1
Times occurring, hind wing 7 7
Thus it will be seen that such a cord cell (inclosed ex-
ternally by the extra crossvein) was present in just half
of these wings. It was absent from all four wings of two
of the specimens and was present in all four in two other
specimens.
Variation in Perla capitata. — This was studied in 18
specimens, 9 males and 9 females, all from Ithaca, N. Y.
Crossveins in the space between veins C and Sc varied as
follows :
Sc
C ^-r-rrrr-T-, — _ R,
i: i i
** Rs
5thA
^thA 3dA 2dA
Cu2 Cu>
Fig. 4. Wings of Perla capitata Piet.
6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ir> 74852301
5 0 1
No. of erossveins 3 4
Times occ, fore wing....
Times occ, hind wing....] 7 11 10 1
showing the mode to be 12 in the fore wing and 5 in the
hind wing.
The costal crossvein in the apical space varied as fol-
lows:
No. of crossveins 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Times occurring 1 7 16 27 13 7 1
Fore and hind wing alike.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
19
The crossveins in the median space varied as follows :
No. of crossveins 12 3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring, fore wing 1 0 8 11 10 2 3
These are wanting entirely in the hind wing.
The crossveins in the cubital space varied as follows:
No. of crossveins 123456789 10 11
Times occurring, fore wing 2 312 10 7 1 1
Times occurring, hind wing 122677812
Showing a wider range of variability in the hind wing but
a mode at 7 in both wings.
Extra crossveins occurred among the branches beyond
the cord, 89 of them in all in the 72 wings, and more often
several in one specimen than singly. These occurred 27
in males, 62 in females; 36 in fore wings, 53 in hind
wings; 68 in interspaces of the radial sector, and 21
farther rearward.
Sc
R.
-Rs
34A
2dA
Fig. 5. Wings of Neoperla clymene Newm.
The branching of the radial sector is in this species
rather constant, though differing in the sexes. It is 4-
branched in the male and 5-branched in the female. But
3 wings out of the 72 departed from these numbers.
The branching of the tips of vein Cu is exceedingly in-
constant. Though in number the tips range only from 2 to
5, fifteen types of branching were noted among them. But
20 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
three of these were of common occurrence: the others
were erratic.
There is much variation in the position of the cross-
veins, y-m and m-cu, in relation to the adjacent forks, af-
fecting thus the position of the cord. The crossvein was
situated before the fork of the median vein 5 times, and
beyond that fork 67 times. Likewise the terminal cross-
vein in the intercubital space of the fore wing was situ-
ated before the fork of the cubital vein 47 times, opposite
that fork 5 times, and beyond that fork 20 times.
Variation in Neoperla clymene. — This was studied in
25 specimens, 13 males and 12 females, collected at
Ithaca, N. Y. The variation in the number of crossveins
between costal and subcostal vein was as follows :
No. of crossveins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Times occurring, fore wing 5 9 10 14 8 4
Times occurring, hind wing 1 2 2 2 3 11 18 10 1
Thus the normal number is 10 in the fore wing and 7 in
the hind wing.
The variation in costal crossveins in the apical series
was as follows :
No. of crossveins 12 3 4 5
Times occurring, fore wing 7 20 19 4
Times occurring, hind wing 5 20 23 1 1
Thus, 2 or 3 is the normal number for this species with no
material difference for fore and hind wings.
The variation in crossveins of the median series is as
follows :
No. of crossveins 3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring, fore wing 2 12 21 12 3
These are entirely absent from the hind wing.
The variation in crossveins of the cubital series was as
follows :
No. of crossveins 3 4 5 6 7 8
Times occurring, fore wing 1 13 14 16 5 1
Times occurring, hind wing 2 17 22 8 1
Thus the mode is at 6 in the fore wing and at 5 in the
hind wing.
Only 25 extra crossveins occurred in all these wings, all
of them in 12 specimens, and 10 of them in two specimens.
All but 6 of them were in the apical radial area.
The variation in branches of the radial sector was as
follows :
No. of branches 2 3 4
Times occurring $ and $ 9 84 7
There was practically no difference between fore and
hind wing, nor between the sexes. There was a little
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
21
variation in depth of forks: the mode is shown in our
figure of the normal wing.
The variation in branches of the cubital vein was as
follows :
No. of branches 12 3 4
Times occurring, fore wing 42 7 1
Times occurring, hind wing 46 4
The point of origin of the radial sector is often of im-
portance in stonefly wing topography, but it varies con-
siderably in this species. Estimating in tenths of the
distance from the arculus to the cord outward along the
wing disc it varies as follows :
Origin at 3 4 5 6 tenths of the disc
Times, fore wing 10 40
Times, hind wing 2 33 15
Thus the radial sector in the fore wing normally
springs from vein Rl at two-fifths the length of the
wing disc, and in the hind wing it separates from vein M
halfway out.
The matchings of the two anterior crossveins of the
cord, r and r-m, at their junction with the radial sector de-
termines the course of the cord. Sometimes these are op-
posite and erect. Oftener they are ajog either in or out.
The variation in this respect in these wings stated in
7*7 r
3dA^rr
*dA IstA
Cu,
5thA 4thA 3dA
Fig. 6. Wings of Isoperla bilineata Say.
22 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
terms of the r-m crossvein (whether it is in or out in re-
lation to crossvein r) was as follows :
Ajog in ereet out
Times occurring, fore wing 34 9 7
Times occurring, hind wing 5 5 41
Variation in Isoperla bilineata. — This was studied in
24 specimens, 12 males and 12 females, collected at Old
Forge, N. Y.
The variation in crossveins in the space between costal
and subcostal veins was as follows :
Xo. of crossveins 3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring, fore wing 3 15 26 33 1
Times occurring, hind wing 25 23
Thus the mode in the fore wing was 5 and in the hind
wing 3.
The variation in crossveins in the apical space was as
follows :
No. of crossveins 1 2 3
Times occurring, fore wing 30 17 1
Times occurring, hind wing 40 7 1
Thus a single crossvein is the mode for both wings.
The variation of crossveins in the median space was as
follows :
No. of crossveins 0 12 3 4 5 6
Times occurring, fore wing 8 20 9 1]
Times occurring, hind wing 47 1
Thus 5 is the mode for the fore wing while in the hind
wing they are normally lacking.
The variation in crossveins in the intercubital space
was as follows :
No. of crossveins 12 3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring, fore wing 2 17 20 8 1
Times occurring, hind wing 43 5
Here again the mode for the fore wing was 5, and as in
the preceding the ranges of variation for fore and hind
wings did not overlap.
The crossvein m-cu was present in a third of the wings
and had disappeared by fusion in the other two-thirds.
The fusion was for a distance about equal to the length of
the radial crossvein in most cases but it was often longer
and in one wing it extended to the wing border.
The matchings of the two crossveins of the cord, r and
r-m, upon the radial sector was as follows:
Jog of r-m in relation to r in erect out
Times occurring in fore wing. 6 13 29
Times occurring in hind wing 3 9 36
The branches of the radial sector were 2 (a single fork)
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
23
except in 1% of the specimens that had an extra fork on
one of the vein tips, but the depth of the main fork varied
as follows (expressed in tenths of the distance from the
cord to the wing tips) :
Tenths of distance 2 3 4 5 6
Times occurring, fore wing 3 9 21 15
Times occurring, hind wing 2 2 13 22 9
Thus the modal position for the fork is in the middle of
this space,
The tip of the subcostal vein joins vein Rl modally a
distance before the cord about equal to the length of the
C Sc R
==— ; — * ^ / 7—
arc / -^ ^^_ Rs
a -^^^"^
^dA*
2dA ^M_Jt2^3 — -~^Cu
5thA
Fig. 7. Wings of Perlinella drymo Newm,
crossvein r and the variants in the fore wing run gen-
erally to a little greater length of subcosta; in the hind
wing generally they run a little shorter.
Variation in Perlinella drymo. — This was studied in fif-
teen specimens, 9 males and 6 females from Elkhart,
Ind. The crossveins in the space between the costal
and subcostal veins have so atrophied in this species that
they could not be counted with certainty but there ap-
24 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
peared to be vestiges of modally 3 in the fore wing and 2
in the hind wing with a range from 1 to 5. The costal
crossveins in the apical space, however, are strong. They
varied as follows :
No. of crossveins 12 3 4
Times occurring, fore wing 1 14 12 3
Times occurring, hind wing 7 20 3
The crossveins in the median space varied as follows :
No. of crossveins -.2 3 4 5
Times occurring, fore wing 2 12 9 7
with none in the hind wing in this space.
The crossveins in the intercubital space varied as fol-
lows :
No. of crossveins 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10
Times occurring, fore wing ■"> 7 11 7 1 1
Times occurring, hind wing 1 3 7 8 10 1
Thus there is a wide range with the mode at 7 in both
wings.
Crossveins between the anal veins of the fore wing be-
yond the anal cell are a distinctive mark of this genus.
They varied as follows :
No. of crossveins 2 3 4 5
Times occurring 4 12 9 5
The m-cu crossvein is very variable in having a modal
length of about eight-tenths of that of the r-m crossvein
(infrequently longer), but often disappearing by fusion
of adjacent veins, the fused portion sometimes attaining
once or twice that length.
The radial sector is normally 2-branched (a single fork)
but an extra twig at the tip of the anterior branch of the
fork occurred in three specimens and in three wings of
one specimen. The depth of the main fork varied from
origin at the cord to six-tenths the distance beyond the
cord, the mode being at three-tenths that distance.
The branches of vein Cu pectinately arranged on the
anterior side (a character of this genus) vary in number
from 1 to 5, with the mode at three in the fore wing and
two in the hind; but six wings showed slight departures
from the typical pectinate arrangement of these branches.
Variation in Acroneuria lycorias. — This was studied in
75 specimens, 25 males and 50 females, collected at one
time and place (Ithaca, N. Y., in June, 1905). The num-
ber of branches of radial sector was as follows :
No. of branches 3 4 5 6 7
Times occurring, fore wing 1 35 55 6 3
Times occurring, hind wing 19 72 9
PT.ECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
2r>
showing it to be typically 5-branched in both fore and
hind wing.
The branching of the vein Cul was as follows :
No. of branches 2 3 4 5 6
Times occurring, fore wing 1 35 55 6 3
Times occurring, hind wing 19 70 11
showing it to be typically 5-branched in the fore wing
and 3-branched in the hind wing.
-M-
2dA IstA Cu,
M
Cus Cu>
2<*A-
SthA 4thA 3dA
Fig. 8. Wings of Acroneuria lycorias Newm.
The crossveins in the median space were as follows :
No. of crossveins 0 1234 5 6789
Times occurring, fore wing 1 11 23 41 18 7 2
Times occurring, hind wing.... 14 59 16 4
In the forewing 6, in the hind wing 1, is the mode.
The crossveins in the adjacent intercubital space
showed no such difference.
No. of crossveins 5 6 7 8 9 10
Times occurring, fore wing 5 13 38 32 9 3
Times occurring, hind wing 8 20 39 22 9 2
The genus Acroneuria takes its name from the presence
of extra crossveins in the portion of the wing beyond the
cord in the type species; but in A. lycorias such crossveins
were quite lacking in most specimens. In all 80 extra
26 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
crossveins were counted in all the spaces between the tips
of veins Rs and M in all the wings of these 75 specimens
and only in a minority of the specimens did they occur
singly. Most of them were between the branches of
radius, the first, second, third and fourth longest inter-
space containing 27, 34, 11 and 1 crossveins respectively,
and the space between Rs and Rl having 4. The fore-
most interspaces between the branches of the cubital vein
and the one next behind it contained 11 and 6 extra cross-
veins respectively in all. The crossvein conjoining the two
branches of the cubital vein and the one next behind it
contained 11 and 6 extra crossveins respectively in all.
The crossvein conjoining the two branches of vein M
(with the branches wide apart) was absent in about 8 per
cent of the wings, and was absent from all four wings of
one single specimen. It was absent from at least one
wing of 19 specimens. In addition to this it had disap-
peared by fusion of these two branches together in 44
cases, the extent of the fusion equalling usually the nor-
Cu ^
IstA
3dA ""V,. V "\ lstA V,. \ 3dA
2d A 3dA 2d A 3dA 2dA
3 2 3 4
Fig. 9. Diagram of the relation between the cubito-anal crossvein
(cu) and the anal cell (a): 1, in Perla bilobata; 2, in
Pcrlodes irregularis; 3, in Peltoperla anna; 4, in Perla
capitata.
mal length of the crossvein when free, but sometimes run-
ning to four or even five times that length.
The three regular crossveins that enter into the compo-
sition of the cord, r, r-ni, and m-cu, are always present or
replaced by fusion of adjacent veins. The foremost one,
r, is most constant and does not disappear by fusion nor
vary greatly in length or position. The second, r-m, was
present in all 4 wings of 38 specimens and in at least two
wings of all the specimens. The third crossvein, m-cu,
was present in 40 wings, and fused out in all the others,
the extent of the fusing ranging up to four times its nor-
mal length when present.
Conclusion. — All characters are good characters if used
with discretion. Though crossveins and branches vary in
number, there is a range and a disposition of both that is
constant for the species. But more dependable than these
are the relative positions of parts at the principal points
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 27
of bracing of the wing — arculus, cord and anal cell. We
have found a very dependable character that has scarce-
ly been noticed hitherto in the relation between the cubi-
to-anal crossvein of the forewing and the anal cell. This
crossvein in a series of genera in the difficult family of
Perlidae, shifts its position from the front of the anal
cell out beyond the apical angle along the base of the first
anal vein as indicated for a series of genera in the ac-
companying diagram. This has furnished a clue to af-
finities in some of the difficult cases.
Genital Characters.
Male. — The terminal abdominal segments of male stone-
flies are variously modified to serve as copulatory organs.
Since the sperm ducts open at the apex of the 9th seg-
ment, the 9th and 10th segments are always involved, and
the 8th, 7th and 6th and even the 5th may be as well. As
is well known, there are 10 segments that usually form
complete rings in the abdomen, and what is supposed to
be an 11th segment is represented by three plates, con-
vergent over the terminal anal opening — a median dorsal
supra-anal plate and a pair of ventral subanal plates that
bear the cerci or tails. These are the same in both sexes.
In copulation the male climbs upon the back of the fe-
male, drops the tip of his abdomen below the level of hers,
and recurves it, turning the end segment upward and for-
ward, grasshopper fashion, beneath hers, bringing the
hollow up-turned end of -the genital scoop of the 9th seg-
ment into apposition with the subgenital plate at the apex
of the 8th segment in the female. The commonest fea-
ture of the male copulatory apparatus of the order is the
development of recurved genital hooks that can be thrust
beneath the subgenital plate of the female to draw it
downward and open the vulva. These are most simply
developed as a pair of processes arising from the subanal
plates and curving forward. In the Nemouridae there is
a very great range of form assumed by the subanal lobes.
In the genus Nemoura they may be as simple as in the
female, or they may be very large. In Leuctra they are
divided into two processes, one slenderer than the other
and in Taeniopteryx (in part) they are unsymmetrical.
A single median hook, in some cases becoming a long
probe, and sometimes exceedingly complicated, is often
developed from the supra-anal lobe. Paired hooks may
be developed from the apex of the 10th segment, and this
segment may become deeply cleft and the hook arising
from the hind angles of the cleft may become very large.
28 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
For holding securely in copulation, the dorsal apical mar-
gin of one or more of the segments in front of the genital
hooks may be armed with backwardly directed teeth, lobes
or spines. The subgenital plate of the female is gripped
firmly between the genital hooks and these opposing
processes.
The sperm ducts, opening at the apex of segment 9 on
the ventral side, usually terminate in a retractile penis.
A subgenital prolongation of that sternite to rearward,
upturning and more or less scooplike at the end, accom-
modates this organ, which has been observed in compara-
tively few stoneflies, it being normally wholly concealed.
The figures of plate 4 will serve to illustrate these struc-
tures. Figures 1, 2 and 3, representing three views of the
end of the abdomen in the male of Acroneuria rural is, show
paired genital hooks arising from the subanal plates and
curving forward over the rim of the 10th tergite. The
prolonged 9th sternite bears on its under side a roundish
percussion disc or hammer, with which the male is said to
drum upon the surface on which he stands. The penis is
normally concealed, as in these figures ; but it may be ex-
truded as shown in the two figures of Acroneuria pacifica
shown in the same plate (Figs. 11 and 12). It is an ever-
sible sac controlled doubtless by blood pressure. It is ca-
pable of extreme telescopic elongation in some forms, as
shown for Neoperla clymene in PI. 24, fig. 2. It is chitinized
very little in most forms, but occasionally bears well de-
veloped serratures upon its sides, as shown for Perlinella
drymo in PI. 24, fig. 7.
A greater complication of the male genital apparatus is
shown for Perlodes signata in Figs. 6 to 10 of Plate 4. The
disarticulated terminal segments of the male abdomen are
shown separately in figures 5 to 10, and they are all shown
in their proper relation and with the penis added in figure
6. The 10th segment is divided by an apical mid-dorsal
cleft and the rear angles beside this cleft rise in long re-
curved genital hooks. The supra-anal process is greatly
enlarged, with a U-shaped organ whose base is strongly
attached within the base of the 10th tergite, and whose
apex curves upward and forward as a median unpaired
genital hook or probe trailing a membranous flap from its
tip, and bearing a pair of thin flat subspatulate lateral
stylets. In copulation the pointed rear end of the U-
shaped supra-anal process is tilted forward between the
hooks of the 10th tergite which support it on either side.
Its wedge-shaped point serves as a probe to lift the sub-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 29
genital plate. The lateral stylets, directed backward ana
spread apart with the change of position serve as a guide
to the large soft fleshy penis that issues from the apex of
the 9th segment beneath and rises and curves forward
following the curvature of the ventral surface of the
supra-anal process, passing between the stylets, its tip
protected by the long membranous flap appended to the
tip of that process. The penis is a large erectile cylindric
organ a third as large in diameter as is the abdomen. It
is soft and white except for a sub-apical ring of thin pale
brown chitin. This ring is thinner on the ventral side,
where arise a pair of soft, slender, delicate, divergent,
white palpiform sensory organs, each of which has a
length equal to the diameter of the penis. The subanal
plates do not appear to be involved in the copulatory ap-
paratus of this type.
Female. — Only the sternite of the 8th abdominal seg-
ment and the portion of the 9th segment adjacent thereto
are modified as accessory organs of reproduction in this
sex. The oviduct terminates midventrally between these
two segments and the 8th sternite is generally prolonged
posteriorly into a subgenital plate that overlaps the aper-
ture. The form and size of this plate, and the degree of
its demarcation from the remainder of the sternite fur-
nish useful characters for the discrimination of species.
Since many species are known only from the female,
which sex in its structure offers fewer clues to relation-
ships, it may well occur that some of the species will not
have been placed next to the ones with which they are
most closely allied.
Tails or cerci. — Excepting in the family Nemouridae,
the tails are long, many-jointed and tapering, the seg-
ments reaching their maximum number in the larger
species of Acroneuria, where the basal segment is very
large, and several of the close-ringed following segments
are ill-defined. Beyond the base the segments regularly
increase in length to rearward, the terminal segments
being from three to six times as long as wide. The pubes-
cence covering the segments varies much in length and
density and is in some genera interspersed with apical
verticils of long bristles, that become conspicuous in Per-
linella and its allies.
The reduced, mostly one-segmented, tails of the Ne-
mouridae, often remarkably modified as accessory organs
of reproduction, are shown for all our species on plates 34
to 46.
30 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
CLASSIFICATION.
The members of the order Plecoptera, or stoneflies,
have four reticulate, membranous wings; the hind wings
are generally much broader than the fore wings, are
usually folded, and together with the fore wings mostly lie
flat upon the abdomen when at rest. The mouthparts are
of the biting type of structure, but are frequently poorly
developed. The metamorphosis is incomplete.
Adult stoneflies, as a rule, are of a dark brown color;
some (Chloroperla, Alloperla, Isoperla) are yellow or
greenish. The body is elongate and flat. The head bears
a pair of long, slender, filamentous, many-segmented an-
tennae. The last segment of the abdomen bears two
many-segmented cerci or tails, except in the Ne-
mouridae, where the cerci are composed of a few
segments or of only one. The legs are slender with three-
jointed tarsi and two tarsal claws. There is a pair of
compound eyes and there are three, in some genera, two
ocelli. In some species the wings of the male are consid-
erably reduced and in a few instances (Capnella) the
males are wingless. The venation of the wings varies
considerably, especially on the outer half of the wing, and
can be used for distinction of genera. The hind wing is
peculiar in that the radial sector at its base is fused with
the median vein. The structure of the genitalia is fairly
constant within the species and in most genera the geni-
talia of both males and females furnish excellent char-
acters for specific determinations.
The stoneflies constitute one of the smaller orders of
Neuropteroid insects. In North America, north of Mex-
ico, we find the following four families represented : Pter-
onarcidae, Perlidae, Nemouridae and Capniidae. Orig-
inally these families were considered as tribes or sub-
families under the single family Perlidae ; of late, how-
ever, there has been a tendency to multiply the number
of families.
In the following pages are described 207 species,
grouped in 24 genera. We have not adopted all the gen-
era that have been proposed of late. Many of the new
ones, bearing cumbrous names, are based on secondary
sexual characters peculiar to one sex and so trivial they
can hardly be considered as of more than specific value.
Insofar as we have been able to recognize these nominal
genera and to assign species to them we have retained the
names of all as subgenera, and have so included them all
in the systematic list at the end of the volume.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 31
Key to the Families.
1. Anal area of forewing with two or more full rows
of crossveins Pteronarcidae
Anal area of forewing either without crossveins or
when present there is only one row 2
2. Well developed, many-segmented, cerci (tails)
present 3
Cerci one-segmented or much reduced-Xcnwwidac
3. Forewings with a series of median and cubital
crossveins; radius and media incompletely
fused and separating gradually at the base ex-
cept in small greenish forms Perlidae
Forewings with only one or two median and one
cubital crossvein ; radius and media completely
fused at base and separating at a rather sharp
angle Capniidae
V
i\CA
\ \J z-—
:*2 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Family PTERONARCIDAE.
This is a small family of mostly large stoneflies in-
cluding in our fauna but two genera. They are distin-
guished from other stoneflies of our fauna by reticulate
venation extending in the fore wing from the front all
the way rearward across the anal veins. There is no dis-
tinct transverse cord developed. The wings are dusky
with veins of darker brown. Brachypterous males occur
in at least one species of Pteronarcella. Legs rather long,
with middle segment of the tarsus half as long as the
basal segment. The mandibles in the adult are rudi-
mentary and the segments of the palpi appear to be mul-
tiarticulate, their walls being made up of many irregular
chitinous half rings. The mandibles of the nymphs are
heavy and stoutly toothed at the apex, adapting them for
feeding upon the vegetable trash that gathers in the
eddies and at the sides of streams. The gills are in pedi-
cellate tufts, on the ventral side of the thoracic end of
two or three terminal segments ; and so slight is the
transformation that these are carried over into adult
life as small but readily recognizable rudiments. The
supra-anal process of the male is highly developed as an
accessory organ of reproduction, and the tenth abdominal
segment is in this sex greatly reduced and almost in-
cluded within the expanded and ventrally produced rear
end of the ninth segment. The genus Pteronarcys is dis-
tributed across the continent and into northern Asia. The
genus Pteronarcella is known only from the mountains of
the western United States.
This family, having recently received adequate treat-
ment at the hands of Lucy Wright Smith (Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc. 43: 433-463, 1917), we have given it rather
brief treatment, especially as to bibliographic and distri-
butional records, and our figures for the species of Ptero-
narcys are copied from her plates.
Key to the North American Genera of Pteronarcidae.
1. Large species (IVi to 2V-> inches in length) ; forewing
with two rows of cross-veins in anal field, with cross-
veins between R and Rs and between Rs and M be-
fore the cord ; hind wing with more than 10 long
branches of anal veins Pteronarcys
Smaller species (one inch or less) forewing with only
two rows of crossveins in anal field ; no crossveins
between R and Rs and M before the cord ; hind wing
with fewer than 10 long branches of anal veins.
Pteronarcella
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
33
Genus PTERONARCYS Newman.
1838. Pteronarcys Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:175.
1907. Pteronarcys Klapalek, Bull. Internat. Ac. Sci. Boheni., pp. 1-13.
1917. Pteronarcys Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:4:17.
\ The largest of stoneflies,
with stout depressed linear
/ bodies, long antennae, short
tails and broad heavily net-
veined wings. Color dark
brown, varied (sometimes
rather brightly in life) with
intersegmental markings of
rufous, orange and yellow.
Ocelli 3 in an equilateral tri-
angle. Frontal tubercles
prominent, supra-antennal
plate well developed.
Prothorax broader than
long, bearing a pale median
yellow line and lateral em-
bossed markings upon the
disk. First tarsal segment
twice as long as the second
and the third a little longer
than the two preceding it.
N y m p h a 1 gills persistent
(13 pairs) shrivelled and in-
conspicuous. Wings concol-
orous, or somewhat clouded on the veins.
Abdomen depressed-cylindric, paler beneath ; tails
brown, paler at the base. Genitalia highly specialized
and very peculiar, meriting special study because they
hold almost the only reliable criteria for distinguishing
the species. These being made the basis of the follow-
ing keys, it has been necessary to treat the two sexes
separately.
These insects are crepuscular or nocturnal in habits
and are consequently little observed. Hardly anything
has been written of their habits. Newport (Trans. Linn.
Soc. Lond., 20:433) records that P. proteus was found in
great numbers at a waterfall in Magog River, hanging to
the rocky sides that were wet by spray, or concealed in
the crevices of the rocks. He also states that P. regalis (P.
dorsata) was taken by Doubleday on wet evenings. Hagen
Pig. 10. Pteronarcus dorsata Say.
34; THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
(Stett. Ent. Zeit. for 1877, pp. 477-489) records some ob-
servations on the mating habits of the latter species. The
senior author in 1923 observed P. princeps emerging from
the streams in Andreas Canon, San Jacinto Mts., Cali-
fornia. The imagos left their cast-off skins clinging to the
down-stream face of the huge granite boulders that stood
partly immersed in the water, and themselves imme-
diately sought shelter in less exposed places, usually about
the log-drifts in the stream.
Genotype, Perla dorsata Say.
Key to the species of Pteronarcys.
Males.
1. Ninth abdominal sternite prolonged backward
far beyond the tip of the tenth segment and
bifid at the tip of the prolongation. Tenth ab-
dominal tergite divided and produced backward
in two appendage-like lobes 2
Ninth abdominal sternite truncate, but little pro-
duced and entire on tip. Tenth tergite divided
into two erect more or less rounded lobes 3
2. Tips bordering the notch in the apex of the
ninth sternite straightish, not decurved. Tips
of the appendage-like divisions of the tenth ter-
gite upcurved dorsata
Tips bordering the notch in the apex of the ninth
sternite decurved. Tips of the appendage-like
divisions of the tenth tergite straightish,
scarcely curved upward nobilis
3. Supra-anal plate huge, decurved, laterally flat-
tened and forked under the tip 4
Supra-anal plate slender, almost spinous, erect
or curving forward 5
4. Erect lobes of the divided tenth tergite rather
broadly rounded californica
Erect lobes of the divided tenth tergite rather
narrow, much higher than wide princeps
5. An anteriorly-directed median dorsal process
arising from the rear and lying upon the ninth
tergite proteus
No such process present; 9 rounded above--biloba
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 35
Females.
1. Posterior margin of the subgenital plate but
little produced backward 2
Posterior margin of the subgenital plate conspic-
uously extended backward, with teeth or proc-
esses 3
2. Margin entire dorsata
Margin with a small rectangular median ex-
cision nobilis
3. Bearing a pair of flat triangular processes on its
ventral side 4
Bearing very slender or very minute processes. _ 5
4. Entire sternite deeply cleft to form the two
broad processes biloba
Processes upon the apex of the subgenital plate
that arises before the apical margin of the
sternite 6
5. The processes are somewhat equilateral triangles
approximated at base calif omica
The processes are very elongate triangles, twice
as high as broad and more widely separated at
base princeps
6. Processes arise before the apex of the segment
and are slender and recurving, and as long as
the segment proteus
Processes a minute pair of teeth at the apex of a
broadly ovate lobe that extends beneath seg-
ment 9 ' comstocki
Pteronarcys dorsata Say.
(Plate 7, figs. 1, 2, text fig. 10.)
1823. Sialis dorsata Say, West. Quart. Rept., 2:164.
1838. Pteronarcys regalis Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:176.
1917. Pteronarcys dorsata Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 43:446.
(contains full bibliography of adult and nymph, 30 titles).
Male. Length to wing tips 40-47 mm. ; of antennae 22-
25 mm. ; of tails 10-13 mm. ; expanse of wings 70-80 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 50-60 mm. ; of antennae
22-26 mm. ; of tails 12-15 mm. ; expanse 86-106 mm.
The largest known stonefly. Dark brown, paler beneath
and with indistinct yellowish intersegmental markings.
Prothorax as wide as the head and slightly widened pos-
teriorly, front margin and sides straight, its hind margin
convex, and its angles abruptly produced in small tooth-
like projections. The middorsal yellow line upon the disk
is widened toward its ends and somewhat interrupted in
3G III O.MAS SAY FOUNDATION
its middle portion by darker markings that extend across
the disc. Trochanters yellowish and knees yellow in some
specimens. Veins of the wings blackish and somewhat
clouded. Abdomen pale yellow beneath.
Male. The ninth ventral segment prolonged rearward,
covering and extending far beyond the 10th sternite, and
forming a broad, trough-like lobe that bears a median
straight-sided terminal notch. Segment 10 narrow below
where covered by 9, but elongated rearward on the dorsal
side and bifid into two long appendage-like lobes whose
opposed edges are emarginate in their apical half and
whose tips are strongly bent upward. Supra-anal plate de-
veloped as a sperm conveyor, unbranched, and with ter-
minal eversible sperm cup. Sup-anal plates elongate,
their tips projecting beyond the apex of the 9th sternite.
Female. The eighth sternite, truncate apically and not
prolonged and showing no special demarcation of a sub-
genital plate. Normally the border is straight, but many
abnormalities occur owing to wrinkling in drying. The
soft lateral margins of the genital aperture may dry in
such a way as to form a minute triangle on either side,
the presence of which is responsible for at least one syn-
onym.
Distribution. — Ohio River at Pittsburgh ; Maine to D.
C, to Tenn. ; to Kan. ; to Minn. ; to Saskatchewan ; to Alas-
ka and Labrador. Common in small rivers of the central
states where the nymphs live in the trash of the eddies
below stony rapids.
Pteronarcys nobilis Hagen.
(Plate 7, figs. 3, 4.)
1861. Pteronarcys nobilis Hagen. Syn. Neuropt. X. A., p. To. $
3873. Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.,
15:286. 5
1917. Pteronarcys nobilis Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Sop., 43:44S (con-
tains full synonomy. 10 titles).
Male. Length to wing tips 31-34 mm. ; of tails 12 mm. ;
expanse of wings 55-57 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 45-48 mm. ; of tails 11
mm. ; expanse of wings 80-84 mm.
Color uniform dark brown above, obscure orange be-
neath, excepting the tip of the abdomen which is often
shiny black beneath. There are often lateral apical spots
of orange or rufous on the abdominal tergites. Wings
smoky brown with darker veins. Inconspicuous yellow-
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 37
ish middorsal band on prothoracic disc, widened toward
its ends.
Prothorax slightly broadened posteriorly, with straight
sides, end convex margins, especially in the rear, and
acute angles.
Male. Ninth ventral abdominal segment prolonged
rearward, covering and extending far beyond the 10th
sternite and ending in a notch the bordering lobes of
which in lateral view are sharply decurved at tips. Ap-
pendage-like lobes of the divided 10th tergite a little
shorter and slenderer than in P. dorsata, somewhat con-
tracted before the apex and not sharply upcurved at tips.
Supra-anal plate developed as a sperm conveyor, un-
branched, and bearing a terminal sperm cup.
Female. Subgenital plate not separate from the ster-
nite, apical margin very slightly produced and with a
median rectangular notch in its margin.
Distribution. — Canada to Georgia, west to Kansas and
Minnesota.
This species is very close to the preceding and only a
careful examination of the genitalia will distinguish the
males. It is less common than the preceding specie?, but
if a specimen in the U. S. National Museum (a small male
ticketed "Coquillett; Los Angeles, Calif.") is correctly
labelled as to locality, it has a wider range. In the Eastern
U. S. it flies during June and July.
Pteronarcys calif ornica Newport.
(Plate 7, figs. 5, 6.)
1851. Pteronarcys calif 'ornica Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,
20:450.
1873. Pteronarcys calif ornica Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
5:284 (nymph).
1883. Pteronarcys calif ornica Packard, 30th Rept. IT. S. Ent. Com.,
pi. 39, fig. 8 ; 40, fig. 6 ; 44, figs. 1, 9.
1917. Pteronarcys calif ornica Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:449
(contains full bibliography, 8 titles).
Male. Length to wing tips 33-40 mm.; expanse of
wings 58-66 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 41-46 mm. ; expanse of
wings 72-84 mm.
Color dark brown, paler beneath. Head blackish, supra-
antennal plate ends in a sharp erect tooth. Median line
on disc of prothorax obscurely reddish, widened toward
its ends. Legs dark brown. Wings with blackish veins.
Tails brown in middle, paler toward both ends. Pronotum
nearly as long as broad, its front and sides straight, its
hind margin convex, its angles obtuse.
38 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Male. Ninth ventral segment little produced backward
and not entirely covering the 10th sternite and set off at
each side of the pleura by an impressed fold. Tenth tergite
deeply divided above into two erect bluntly rounded lobes.
Supra-anal plate developed as a corneous, and complicated
sperm conveyor. Its superior margin runs out to rear-
ward and ends in a free bifid tip; before this tip is a lat-
erally flattened ventrally directed branch, that bears the
sperm cup on its proximal side, just before an apical di-
latation ; subanal plates broad.
Female. Eighth ventral segment bears just before its
apical margin two somewhat equilateral-triangular pro-
cesses whose tips reach the middle of segment 9.
Distribution. — Montana to New Mexico and Washing-
ton to California,
This is the common species of our western mountains,
where it is on the wing during June, July and August. The
easternmost specimen we have seen is also the earliest in
season, and was collected by G. A. Dean in Riley County,
Kansas, on April 25.
Pteronarcys princeps Banks.
(Plate 7, figs. 7, 8.)
1907. Pteronarcys princeps Banks, Can. Ent., 39:327.
]907. Pteronarcys fumipennis Klapalek, Bull. Internal. Soc. Boh.,
p. 12 of reprint.
1917. Pteronarcys princeps Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:450.
Male. Length to wing tips, 36 mm. ; of antennae, 21
mm. ; of tails, 7 mm. ; expanse of wings, 68 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips, 47 mm. ; expanse, 83 mm.
Color dark brown to blackish, darker than in other
species of the genus. Middorsal line on the disc of the
prothorax obscure reddish yellow, narrow or more or less
interrupted in the middle. Wing veins clouded with
blackish brown. Prothorax wider than long, about as
wide as the head. Straight margined on front and at
sides but convex behind, angles sharp.
Male. Nint;h ventral segment moderately produced
rearward where broadly rounded and upcurving, covering
more than the 10th sternite, an impressed fold each side
as in P. caHforuica. Tenth segment a narrow ring, divided
on the dorsum into two erect narrow lobes. Supra-anal
plate developed into an enormous horny sperm conveyor,
the extreme of complexity, for this genus, more highly
arching than in P. calif 'arnica, its bifid tip more strongly
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 39
decurved, its sperm cup placed within an apical dilatation
of the descending arm as in that species. Subanal plates
broad.
Female. Eighth sternite produced in a broadly rounded
lobe and bearing at midway the length of the segment
two very large elongate-triangular processes that reach
rearward beyond the middle of the 9th sternite.
Distribution. — Mission, British Columbia, down the
west coast to Palm Springs, Southern California.
This species is somewhat earlier in season. Specimens
from Shasta Springs, Calif., collected by T. E. Snyder
bear date of June 23 ; and the species was found by the
senior author in the height of its transformation at St.
Andreas Canon, near Palm Springs, Calif., in April.
Pteronarcys proteus Newman.
(Plate 7, figs. 11, 12, and text fig. 2.)
1838. Pteronarcys proteus Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:377.
]873. Pteronarcys proteus Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 15:283
(nymph).
3907. Pteronarcys spinosa Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 8:8.
1917. Pteronarcys proteus Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:452
(full bibliography of 9 titles).
Male. Length to wing tips 33 mm. ; of antennae 17
mm. ; of tails 7 mm. ; expanse of wings 56 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 40 mm. ; of antennae 20
mm. ; of tails 7 mm. ; expanse 70 mm.
Color dark brown ; frontal tubercles rufous. A narrow
obscure rufous median line upon the disc of the prothorax.
Venter varied with testaceous or obscure rufous, deepen-
ing on the abdomen.
Head a little narrower than the prothorax, the latter
slightly widened posteriorly, sides and front border of
disc straight, rear margin convex; angles square. Wings
dusky.
Male. Ninth ventral segment moderately produced, not
wholly covering the sternite of 10, upturned and evenly
rounded in the rear. The ninth tergite bears a horny
rounded projection that arises from its rear and is di-
rected forward upon the apex of 8 middorsally and closely
laid upon the tergum. Tenth segment almost covered by
the 9th below, and bifid above in a pair of rounded lobes.
Subanal plates spoonshaped together clasping between
them the base of the supra-anal plate which is modified
into slender erect, recurved, probe-like organ, utterly dif-
40 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
ferent in form and doubtless in function from thai of the
preceding species. No sperm cup present.
Female. Oval subgenital plate occupying half of the
8th sternite and bearing at its apex a pair of long spine-
like processes that reach to the middle of the ninth ster-
nite. These processes are closely approximated at the
base, and after slight divergence, often again approxi-
mated at their tips.
Distribution. — Trenton Falls and Ithaca, N. Y. ; Mass.;
Vt. ; Mackenzie River and N. Red River, Canada ; Cali-
fornia.
The male and female associated together by Newman
in his original description of this species do not belong to
the same species. This was proved by Miss Lucy W.
Smith by the rearing of both sexes at Ithaca, N. Y. This
mixup led to the description of the true female of P. pro-
teus as P. spinosa. Nymphs abound in the spring fed brooks
about Ithaca, though the adult is rarely collected.
Pteronarcys biloba Newman.
(Plate 7, figs. 9, 10.)
1838. Pteronarcys biloba Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:176.
1876. Pteronarcys bicarinatus Provancher, Nat. Canad., 8:190.
1917. Pteronarcys biloba Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 43:453 (full
bibliography of 9 titles).
Male. Length to wing tips 34 mm.; expanse of wings
55 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 46 mm. ; expanse of
wings 84 mm.
Color dark brown above and below. A narrow rufous
median line upon the prothorax; frontal cornicles rufous;
legs dark brown, paler at the knees.
This is the handsomest species of the genus. In ma-
ture specimens the middle pale line on the pronotum is
rather bright red, as is also the whole ventral surface of
the body. The wings are marked by two clouds of fuscous,
one extending obliquely outward from the wing base
along the median cross veins, and the other extending
transversely backward from the region of the stigma.
Male. Ninth ventral segment moderately produced,
covering segment 10 below, up-curving to a broadly
rounded and thickened rear margin. Segment 10 bifid
above, a wide cleft separating the two rounded lobes. Sub-
genital plates spoonshaped together clasping the base of
the supra-anal plate which forms, as in P. proteus, a slen-
der erect and recurving chitinous probe-like organ.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 41
Female. The entire 8th ventral segment is involved in
the formation of a subgenital plate, by division of it
deeply into two parts each of which is produced into a flat
triangular arcuate flap that extends nearly across the 9th
sternite.
Distribution. — Trenton Falls and Ithaca, N. Y. ; Hud-
son Bay to Black Mts., N. C.
The period of flight as evidenced by our specimens
ranges between late May, when specimens were collected
at Sunburst, N. C, and late June, when a single male was
taken on Mt. Moosilaukee, N. H., by Mr. N. S. Easton.
Pteronarcys comstocki Smith.
(Plate 7, fig. 13.)
1838. Pteronarcys proteus Newman, (female). Ent. Mag., 5:177.
1917. Pteronarcys comstocki Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:454.
Female. Length to wing tips 52 mm. ; expanse, 70 mm.
Color brown ; an obscure triangular median light spot
on the anterior border of the prothorax. Venter of thorax
paler and posterior margins of abdominal sternites 1 to 7
each bordered with a narrow pale band, the 8th, except
at tip, and the 9th entirely of lighter color.
Head a little narrower than prothorax; the angles of
the latter right angles.
Female. Subgenital plate arising near the middle of
the 8th sternite broadly oval or rounded triangular, bear-
ing, at its tip, two minute teeth bordering a minute in-
conspicuous apical notch.
Male unknown.
Distribution.— Trenton Falls and Wilmurt, and Tarbel
(near Ithaca) , N. Y. ( Wm. T. Davis) .
Genus PTERONARCELLA Banks.
1900. Pteronarcella Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 2fi:242.
1917. PteronarceUa Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:455.
Stoneflies of medium size, similar in form to Ptero-
narcys, but only half as large and having the same sort of
reticulate venation. Crossveins of the wing fewer, en-
tirely absent from the radial areas in the middle of the
wing ; median vein but two-branched. Color brown ; a
squarish black spot on the head covers the ocelli but
leaves the large frontal tubercles pale. The quadrangular
disk of the prothorax bears a median longitudinal pale
line, which is generally continued on the front of the
mesothorax. The ninth abdominal segment is elevated in
a broad transverse recurved scoop-like lobe and some of
42
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
the segments in front of it bear paired dorsal humps at
the sides. The large U-shaped supra-anal process is
wholly concealed when at rest between the subanals and
the divided halves of the tenth segment. We show it ex-
truded in one of our figures. Its morphology was carefully
worked out bv Miss Lucy W. Smith in her Monograph
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43: 457, 1917). The genital
plate of the female (eighth ven-
tral abdominal segment) is chitin-
izecl in the middle portion only,
and the form of its apical margin
is of first importance in determin-
ing species. This is easily seen
in fresh, or in well preserved alco-
holic specimens; but it dries in a
great variety of shapes in pinned
specimens, and external appear-
ances are not always to be trusted.
It is often necessary to relax such
specimens by boiling in order to
make certain determination. There
is a narrow inconspicuous band
of prickly pubescence, more or
less interrupted in the middle,
extending across the ninth ab-
dominal sternite on its apical
margin.
After finding the male of Pt.
regularis associated with females
that agree with Hagen's type fe-
males, it seems apparent to us
that the male referred by Miss
Smith to Pt. regularis cannot be
Pteronarcella hadia that species. After careful com-
Ha£- parison of long series of speci-
mens, both pinned and alcoholic, we believe hers to have
been the unknown male of Pt. badia; and we believe that
her Pt. torosa male was only another variant of the same.
The differences stated in her key (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
43:458) seem considerable, but they are all relative, and
deal with very variable characters. Especially do the
paired dorsolateral knobs on some of the abdominal seg-
ments seem definite structural characters, until one dis-
covers that whether they appear or not on a given seg-
ment may be due to contraction in drying. The width of
Pig. 11.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 43
the scoop that projects forward and upward from the dor-
sum of the ninth segment in the male is very variable, and
in a series of specimens intergrades completely between
the two forms that she figured and described. The three-
lobed tip of the genital plate of the female in Pt. triloba
appears to be but another variant in the shape of this part
in this same variable species, Pt. badia. We are unable to
distinguish by reliable characters more than the two orig-
inal species that were described by Hagen in 1873.
These stoneflies are superficially similar to Perla in ap-
pearance but distinguishable at a glance from Perla and
all its allies by the venation and by the greater length of
the first segment of the tarsus. The species look alike and
are only to be distinguished by careful microscopic ex-
amination of genital parts.
The nymph is distinguished from that of other genera
by the presence of tufted gills on the ventral side of the
three basal abdominal segments.
A western genus, common in mountain streams.
Genotype, Pteronarcys regularis Hagen.
Key to the Species of Pteronarcella.
Males.
1. Recurved, scoop-shaped appendage on the dor-
sum of the ninth abdominal segment, acutely
pointed at the - apex and its side margins
straight, its posterior face lacking scurfy or
prickly pubescence except along a narrow me-
dian area regularis
Recurved scoop-shaped appendage on the dorsum
of the ninth abdominal segment broadly
rounded at the apex, more elevated, blunter,
and its side margins sinuous, its posterior face
rather uniformly covered with scurfy or prick-
ly pubescence badia
Females.
1. The small strongly chitinized subgenital plate in
the middle of the rear border of the eighth
sternite is M-shaped on its hind margin, with
distinct and acute median notch, its tips gen-
erally on a level with the sides of the segment
regularis
44 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
This plate, rounded on its hind border, or trun-
cate or more or less trilobate, or even slightly
retuse, but never acutely notched in the middle ;
generally a little shorter than the segment is
at sides badia
Pteronarcella regularis Hagen.
(Plate 7, fig. 15; plate 8, figs. 3, 4, 5.)
1873. Pteronarcys regularis Hagen, Bull. Geol. Surv. Colo., p. 573.
1900. Pteronarcella regularis Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 26:242.
1917. Pteronarcella regularis Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:459.
Male. Length to tip of wings 18 mm. ; expanse 32 mm. ;
tails 9 mm.
Female. Length to tip of wings 23 mm. ; expanse 41
mm.
General color dark brown, head and thorax almost
black, abdomen reddish brown with a series of light col-
ored knobs on the lateral margin.
Head about as broad as prothorax. Ocelli form an isos-
celes triangle, posterior ocelli a little closer to each other
than to the eyes. The antero-lateral margins of the
frons raised. A black area covers the ocellar triangle and
extends over the entire clypeus except for two small light
areas near the sides, nearly opposite the anterior ocellus ;
labrum brown ; on each side of the ocellar triangle a
crowned yellow tubercle ; rear of head dark Drown ; on the
inner margin of compound eyes a broad yellow band
touching the round tubercles and connected by a narrow
transverse band behind the ocellar triangle. Antennae
brown, second segment about as wide as long; third seg-
ment half again as long as wide, fourth segment not long-
er than wide. Palpi brown with very short hairs, the seg-
ments each appearing multi-articulate due to numerous
irregular chitinous half rings.
Prothorax dark brown, about half again as wide as
long, sides straight and parallel, anterior and posterior
margins evenly convex, front angles nearly square, hind
angles rounded ; the mid-dorsal yellow band is indistinct
in the middle with rather bright yellow areas at the ends,
and there is a very narrow yellow line laid on the mid-
lateral margin. Disc covered with indefinite, dark, raised
sculpturings.
Meso and metathorax black, except for a triangular
lighter depressed area near the front margin of the meso-
thorax. Wings uniformly brownish, veins dark brown.
Legs brown, knees blackish ; femora at distal end with a
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMERICA 45
dark mark above ; tibia with a dark mark at the proximal
end ; tarsi darker toward the tip.
Abdomen dark brown. Tails yellowish at base, darker
toward tip, basal segments short; segments beyond the
middle at least five times as long as wide.
Male. First segment of the abdomen above with a pale
whitish spot on each side. The dorso-lateral posterior mar-
gins of segments two to nine with yellow rounded knobs,
the size of the knobs gradually increasing posteriorly, and
those on segment 6 to 9 quite hairy. Dorsal posterior
border of segment 9 emarginate, the area between the
knobs hollowed out scoop-like with an anteriorly produced
heavily chitinized raised triangular projection. The en-
tire hollowed area thickly covered with very short spines.
The lateral posterior margin of segment nine straight,
hind ventral margin rounded; the ventral portion of this
segment is divided from the lateral areas by diagonal
carinae. Segment ten and supra-anal process entirely
covered by segment nine. Subanal plates yellowish, dark-
er brown at the pointed end where bent upward and pro-
jecting forward, the tips a little outcurved and reaching
a little beyond the posterior border of segment nine.
Female. The middle area of the eighth ventral seg-
ment black and a dark triangular mark on the postero-
lateral angle, followed by similar paired marks on seg-
ment nine. The subgenital plate (chitinized middle por-
tion of the eighth abdominal sternite) bears a small, dis-
tinct, acute notch on its hind margin, the latter being M-
shaped. There are narrow blackish lines across the ex-
treme apical ventral margin of some of the preceding seg-
ments.
Distribution. — Truckee, Nev. ; Olympia, Wash., $ and
5 ; Seattle, Wash. ; Seven Mile Hill, Ore. ; Wallowa
Mts., Baker Co., Ore. July 4 (E. P. Van Duzee). We
have seen no specimens from the Rocky Mountains that
indubitably belong to this species ; and we fear that
earlier distribution records rest on incorrect determina-
tions, growing out of the circumstance that males of the
two original species described by Hagen have not hitherto
been certainly known. Excellent specimens of both sexes
of this species were received from Trevor Kincaid col-
lected at Olympia, Wash., and the females agree well with
Hagen's type (examined by both of us), and these Wash-
ington specimens we have made the basis of our descrip-
tion.
46 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Pteronarcella badia Hagen.
(Plate 7, figs. 14, 16, 17; plate 8, fi^s. 1, 2, 6, 7.)
1873. Pteronarcys badia Hagen, Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 573.
1907. Pteronarcella badia Banks, Cat. Neur. Ins. U. 8., p. 10.
1917. Pteronarcella badia Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:460.
1917. Pteronarcella regularis Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc,
43:459 {$).
1917. Pteronarcella torosa Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:461 ($
and nymph).
1917. Pteronarcella triloba Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:462 ($).
Male. Length to wing tips 15 mm. ; expanse 22-24 mm. ;
tails 6 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 17-19 mm. ; expanse 30-
34 mm.
Color blackish, varying in depth with age, the black
becoming more diffuse in old specimens. Head deep black
between the ocelli, the paler area around the compound
eyes confluent with the yellow of the frontal tubercles,
the latter forming a sharp emargination in the black
spot of the crown at each side of it. First joint of an-
tennae, and the carinae adjacent to its base, blackish. The
mid-dorsal pale line of the prothorax meets a transverse
pale dash on the middle of both front and hind margins of
the prothorax. In the better colored specimens a large
V-mark is laid upon the middle of the segment, its arms
opening forward and curving outward, its point resting
on the pale mid-dorsal line. There is also a narrow,
oblique pale dash in the smooth field of the disk at either
side of the point of the V. The rugosities at either side
of these pale marks on the disc are generally black, but
occasionally they are yellowish or reddish. Pronotum of
the mesothorax blackish, with a median dividing pale spot
that is dilated at the front. Wings dusky, without pat-
tern ; membrane smoky, veins brown. Legs brown to
black, darker on the longitudinal carinae. Abdomen and
tails brownish, in varying depths of color, darker on the
genitalia and along the sides.
Male. Genital segments very dark brown: paired
knobs on abdominal segments 2 to 8, yellow internally,
and covered with brown scurfy hairs externally, dis-
tinctly elevated only on segments 5 to 8. Tips of the geni-
tal hooks slenderer and more sharply pointed than in the
preceding species. Also the recurved scoop-like append-
age on the dorsum of segment 9, besides being broader
and blunter than in P. regularis, seems in this species to
run down in continuity of marginal fold with the apical
carina of segment nine at its sides, whereas the side of
PLECOPTEBA OF XOBTH AMEBICA 47
this appendage in P. regularis seems to spread out and be-
come lost on the dorsum of that segment.
This scoop varies greatly in width in the specimens be-
fore us. The widest form was taken by Miss Smith for
the then unknown male of P. regularis and the narrower
form was taken for a distinct species named P. torosa.
Female. Genital plate blackish, a little more recurved
within the apical area of the eighth sternite than in P.
regularis, its edge usually falling a little short of the level
of the apex of segment, its border typically smoothly
rounded, but sometimes truncate, or even a little refuse,
but never with an acute middle notch. Another variant
in form was taken by Miss Smith to be a distinct species
and named P. triloba (PI. 7, fig. 16), but we have not been
able to find any good line of demarcation for such a species.
Distribution. — Bridger Basin, Wyo. ; Cache Valley, Ut.,
Logan River, Ut. (I. M. Hawley) ; Bozeman, Mont., June
18, and Bridger Mts., Mont., 5,000 ft., June 19 (R. A.
Cooley) ; Provo, Ut. (E. C. VanDyke) ; Crane, Ariz., Apr.
27 (W. J. Chamberlain) ; Watertown Lakes, Alta., Canada,
July 1 (J. McDunnough) ; Milton, Ore., Apr. 5; Hood
River, Ore., Apr. 7 (J. C. Bridwell).
A considerable number of adults of both sexes taken
together in Logan Canyon on July 12, 1922, by the senior
author and preserved in alcohol, has enabled us to learn
something of the variability of this species. These adults
were of all ages : some were emerging from their nymphal
skins on the leaf drifts at the eclges of the stream and
were still pale ; some were mature and well colored ; and
others were old and black. They were found clinging low
in the willows and on the weeds by the waterside, and, be-
ing indisposed toward flight by day, were picked with the
fingers.
Family PERLIDAE.
This is a large family, containing many of the most
familiar genera and species of stoneflies. The largest
forms are members of the genera Acroneuria and Perla.
A number of diurnal, foliage-inhabiting, greenish forms
occur in the genera Alloperla, Chloroperla and Isoperla.
All are stream-side dwellers but a few, whose nymphs
have the most abundant development of gills, such as Pcr-
linella drymo and Perla capitata, may be found about the
stony borders of lakes and ponds.
Wingless forms are unknown, but brachyptrous males
occur in one or more of our Western species (Perla lan-
guida). In all the terminal segments of the palpi and the
48 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
two basal segments of the tarsi tend to be reduced to
small dimensions — characters that are distinctive of the
family. The venation and the male genitalia have been
rather fully discussed and illustrated in preceding pages
of the Introduction.
Key to the Genera of Perlidae.
1. Head as long as wide, much longer than prono-
tum ; compound eyes situated far forward on
head so that the distance between the eyes and
the front margin of pronotum is at least twice
as great as the diameter of the eye—Kathroperla
Head usually wider than long, not longer than
pronotum ; the distance between the eyes and
front margin of pronotum usually less than di-
ameter of the eyes 2
2. With two ocelli 3
With three ocelli 5
3. Prothorax much wider than head ; tails not
longer than width of pronotum ; no intercu-
bital crossveins in hind wings; forewings with
numerous heavy costal crossveins Peltoperla
Prothorax little, if any, wider than head ; tails
much longer than width of pronotum ; intercu-
bital crossveins mostly present in hind wings 4
4. Ocelli close together, usually on black spot ; anal
field of f orewing without crossveins ; costal
crossveins present before end of Sc ; ninth
sternite of male without a hammer Neoperla
Ocelli two or more diameters apart (a trace of an
anterior ocellus sometimes noticeable) ; anal
field of f orewing with one or more crossveins ;
no costal crossveins before end of Sc ; ninth
sternite of male with a transverse oval ham-
mer A to perl a
5. Anal area of forewing with a single row of cross-
veins ; pronotum with a broad yellow or reddish
longitudinal band each side of the median dark
band Perlinella
Anal area of forewing without crossveins, except
those that form the anal cell ; markings of pro-
thorax not as in Perlinella 6
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 49
6. Forewing with a branched vein from anal cell
below; prothorax transversely oval i. e., angles
usually much rounded; mostly small greenish
species 7
Forewing with two simple veins from anal cell
below; prothorax squarish i. e., angles rather
well defined 9
7. Hind wing without folded anal area and no wider
than the forewing; small greenish species (un-
der 10 mm. in length) Ckloroperla
Hind wing with a folded anal area and wider than
forewing 8
8. Greenish forms ; Cu2 of forewing very short, sep-
arating from Cul about opposite the tip of 1st
A and curving downward at a broad angle ; R
and M of forewing fused at base ; hind wing
without intercubital crossveins Alloperla
Not greenish ; Cu2 of forewing longer and sep-
arating from Cul nearer the origin of 1st A ; R
and M of forewing not fused at base ; hind wing
with intercubital crossveins Paraperla
9. Portion of wing beyond the cord is short and at
the front of the radial sector there is a network
of irregular crossveins Pcrlodcs
Portion of wing beyond the cord is longer and if
crossveins are present, not so localized (except
in Acroneuria they are few and regular) 10
10. Radial sector with numerous branches that curve
forward at tip. Tip of vein M curves back-
ward; large species with ocelli very small and
wide apart Isogenics
Tips of branches of vein Rs and M less divergent 11
11. Hind wing without intercubital crossvein; mostly
greenish species; male with an apical lobe be-
neath segment 8. Subgenital hooks slender,
claw-like, and developed from the subanal lobes
, Isoperla
Hind wing with several intercubital crossveins __ 12
12. Costal edge of wing yellow including base of Rs
and M. In hind wing Rs and M fused basally
more than half the length of the wing disc.
Middle segments of tails 3 to 5 times as long as
wide Perlesta
50 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Costal edge of wing not yellow (except in Perla
capitata) : fusion of veins Rs and M in hind wing
less extensive (except in Clioperla annecta) 13
13. Male with a percussion disc or hammer developed
on the 9th abdominal sternite; large species
with copious venation, and usually many cross-
veins in the portion of the wing beyond the
cord ; cubito-anal crossvein close to the apex of
the anal cell icroneuria
No percussion disc on the 9th sternite of the
male (except in Perla languida) 14
14. The 10th abdominal segment of the male cleft
above; genital hooks when present developed
from the apical angles of the cleft Perla
The 10th abdominal segment entire above ; geni-
tal hooks when present developed from the sub-
anal lobes Clioperla
Genus PERLODES Banks.
1903. Perlodes Banks, Ent. News, 14:241.
1912. Perlodes Klapalek, Coll. Zool. de Selys, IV, 1:31.
1841. Dictyopteryz Pietet, Hist. Nat. Perlides, p. 147.
1917. Perlodini Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:46.3.
Rather large, dusky-winged stoneflies, having an area
of irregular polygonal cells .in the front portion of the
wing tip beyond the well developed cord. Crossveins in
the costal space tend to be reduced in number, and some-
times almost absent especially from the portion adjacent
to the humeral crossvein. The first anal vein in the fore
wing where it departs from the anal cell is bent forward
to its junction with the cubitus, and then suddenly bent
away again at a sharp angle. The basal fusion of veins Rs
and M in the hind wing is short. There is a longitudinal
middorsal pale line on the prothorax, that is often con-
tinued forward upon the rear of the head, ending in a yel-
low spot within the ocellar triangle and there is a pale M-
mark across the frons before the ocelli. The basal seg-
ment of the tarsus is about twice as long as the second
and a third as long as the third segment. Tails Ion? and
hairy. Ventral gill rudiments persist in about half the
species in from one to five pairs, the foremost of which is
found at the base of the labium.
Genital hooks are developed in the male from the rear
portion of the divided tergum of the tenth abdominal seg-
ment. In a deep cleft between these the chitinous U-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
51
shaped supra-anal process (sim-
ilar in plan to that of Pteronar-
cella) lies more or less com-
pletely concealed. Backwardly
directed processes, set in oppo-
sition to the genital hooks are
developed in D. vagans on the
dorsum of segment 7. A pair of
slender stylets is attached to
its sides near the bottom of the
bend in the U. These characters
cannot be seen without dissec-
tion ; nor can the large penis,
which lies concealed below these
parts in the enlarged ventral
portion of the 9th segment.
Short winged forms occur in
the several species, and as
usual, the wings are most ab-
breviated in the males.
Genotype, Dictyopteryx micro-
cephala Pictet (European).
Key to the species of Perlodes.*
1. Costal crossveins in com-
plete series 2
Costal crossveins absent
for a fourth or more of
the distance from the humeral crossvein to the
cord 4
Fig. 12. Perlodes signata Hag.
Apical crossveins in cubital area numerous
dolobrata
Apical crossveins in cubital area few or wanting 3
Frontal tubercles more or less crescentic tibialis
Frontal tubercles round bradleyi
Base of the radial sector joins vein Rl by a
rounded curve 4
Base of the radial sector straight, meeting vein
Rl at a very acute angle 5
*P. minor Kip., from Arctic America, unknown to us, omitted.
52 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
5. Costal crossveins before the cord 7 to 8
irregula ris
Costal crossveins before the cord 2 to 6 signata
Costal crossveins before the cord 0 to 1 (brachyp-
terous) yosemite
6. Tip of subcosta runs out into costa vagans
Tip of subcosta downcurved to join vein Rl 6
7. Apex of fore wing obtuse, semicircular in out-
line aitrca
Apex of fore wing more pointed 7
8. Vein Sc2 joins vein Rl generally much before the
cord americana
Vein Sc2 joins vein Rl at or beyond the cord 8
9. Western species ignotus
Eastern species 9
10. Prothorax hardly longer than wide 1 'meat a
Prothorax twice as long as wide slossonae
Perlodes dolobrata Smith.
(Plate 9, figs. 1, 6.)
1917. Protarcys dolabrata Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:469
(female).
Expanse of wing, male 33 mm. ; female 44 mm.
Coloration brownish, darker on the thorax than on the
top of the head. The pale M-line across the front is
bordered before and behind with brown. The pale spot
on the crown is small, occupying half the space between
the ocelli. The round frontal tubercles are set in pale
areas, but their summits are capped with fine brown mar-
morate embossed markings. Similar fine markings cover
the pale post-ocular areas at either side of the vertex.
There is a narrow line of yellow behind the brown across
the occiput and the hind angles of the head are brown.
The mid-dorsal pale line of the prothorax is obscure in
the middle, hardly more than the middle groove being
there yellow ; but the yellow is extended laterally on front
and hind borders. The brown rugosities of the sides of
the disc of the prothorax are coarse and rather conspic-
uous. The width of the prothorax is one-half greater
than its length, and its sides are convergent to rearward.
Front angles rather acute ; collar rather wide. Middle
pale line on meso- and metathorax very obscure. Femora
brown dorsally, except for a narrow pale line capping the
knee. Basal seventh of tibiae brown externally, the re-
mainder pale. Wings smoky hyaline, with veins some-
what infuscated, especially at the stigma.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 53
Abdomen brown, paler beneath. Tails yellow, very
hairy on the short basal segments.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 9th ; this
segment has a pair of minute triangular teeth beside the
mid-dorsal line on its apical margin ; on the ventral side
is a broad scoop-like semicircular projection that extends
its length by a third; this subgenital projection is set off
by a short sulcus or fold at each side. Segment ten is
divided as usual for the accommodation of the huge U-
shaped supra-anal process. A blackish six-rayed figure on
the dorsal side marks, the attachment of the base of this
process. Each side of ten is deeply cleft above into a wide
semicircular notch, surrounded by two slender incurving
strips of chitin. The upstanding tip of the supra-anal
process is linear blunt and cylindric and the two small
lateral processes at its side are thorn-like.
Female. The subgenital plate is produced backward in
a long evenly rounded lobe that covers the 9th sternite
and overlaps upon the tenth.
Distribution. — For type, unknown; for male neallotype
(described herewith), Glacier Peak and Lake Chelan Dis-
trict, Aug., 1921 (Ruth F. Bottomley).
Perlodes bradleyi Smith.
(Plate 9, figs. 4, 5; plate 10, fig. 4.)
1917. Protareys bradleyi Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 43:470.
Male. Length to tip of wings 20 mm. ; expanse 32 mm.
Female. Length to tip of wings 23 mm. ; expanse 37
mm.
Color. Brown varied with yellowish. Prothorax some-
what darker than the rear. The transverse M-mark in
front of ocelli is connected at its middle with an inverted
V-mark whose arms join and include the ocelli ; in front
of it an obscure median pale line and two lateral roundish
spots on the clypens. An inverted T-mark covers the rear
of the head, its wide stem, conspicuously yellow, is con-
joined basally and confluent with the very small crown
spot between the ocelli (no such spot present in one
specimen) and joined also with narrow laterally divergent
pale lines that mark the frontal suture, and its narrow
arms extended across the occipital border of the head, are
a little dilated the ends into obscure post-ocular pale areas.
These areas are more or less besprinkled with fine brown-
ish marmorations. Antennae yellowish brown, palpi, pale
yellow.
.54 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
The prothorax is brown-bordered except for a yellow
spot on the middle at the front and another at the rear.
These spots are connected by the usual pale line, which
in this species is rather narrow and obscure. Embossed
markings at sides of the disc rather coarse. The pro-
thorax in shape is quadrangular, little wider than long
and scarcely narrower to rearward. Legs yellowish with a
wash of pale brownish on both ends of the femora (ex-
cept at knees) and tibiae and tarsi externally. Wings
smoky hyaline with the veins brown, the basal ones a little
inf uscated. Abdomen brown above, paler beneath ; tails
yellowish with rings of brown on apices of the segments.
Male. Abdominal segments normal as far as the ninth
which is moderately elongated beneath, being twice as
long on the ventral as on the dorsal side, its sternum
scarcely prolonged into a genital scoop that is set off at
each side by a very shallow notch or fold. On the dorsal
side there is a narrow, strongly chitinized tranverse ridge
across the declined and sloping apex of the tergum. The
tenth segment is cleft longitudinally on the dorsum to
accommodate a large U-shaped retractile supra-anal proc-
ess (invisible except on dissection), and the upper end
of each half is emarginate in the middle, rounded on the
proximal angle, while the distal superior angle is produced
into a short, sharp, thorn-like spine. The two spines are
directed somewhat forward, and constitute incipient
genital hooks.
Female. The subgenital plate is prolonged backward
into a single broadly rounded lobe, reaching halfway
across the sternum of the ninth segment.
Distribution. — Canadian Rockies ; Selkirk Mountains, B.
C, J. C. Bradley. Kaslo, B. C, June 2, H. G. Dyar.
Perlodes tibialis Banks.
lit 14. Perlodes tibialis Banks, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 608.
Male. Length to tip of wing 25 mm. ; expanse 40 mm.
We have not had for dissection any specimens that
seem referable to this species, but the junior author has
had the privilege of examining the type (a male) in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.,
and it seems to differ from the preceding species by the
following characters:
1. It is larger in size, 40 mm. in expanse of wing as
compared with 32 mm. in .P. bradleyi.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA .55
2. Its palpi are dark brown, not pale yellow.
3. Its pale crown spot between the ocelli is larger and
not confluent with the yellow of the rear of the head.
4. Its femora are blackish (except knee ring) , not pale
brown.
5. Its prothorax is clothed with yellowish hairs.
Female unknown.
Distribution. — Olympic Mountains, Washington.
The shrivelled condition of the end of the abdomen pre-
vented a critical study of the male genitalia of the type.
The venation is quite like that of P. dolobrata, and the
sides of the prothorax are similarly convergent to rear-
ward. Abundant crossveins in the cubital area of the
tip of the forewing seem to ally this species with P. dolo-
brata rather than with P. bradleyi.
Perlodes signata Hagen.
(Plate 9, figs. 7, 8; plate 4, figs. 6 to 10; plate 10, fig. 3.)
1873. Dictyopteryx signata Hagen, Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 575.
1903. Perlodes signata Banks, Ent. News, 14:241.
1912. Megarcys signata Kip., Coll. Zool. Selys, 4:12.
1917. Megarcys signata Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 43:472.
Male. Length to tip of wings 20 mm. Expanse 30 mm.
Female. Length to tip of wings 25 mm. Expanse
42 mm.
Color brownish, varied with yellow. Sides of head and
thorax darker than the dorsum. Middorsal pale stripe
rather conspicuous. Transverse pale M-line across the
frons inconspicuous. Another M-line in brown subtends
it in the rear, enveloping the front ocellus and running
rearward in a pair of diverging lines to the posterior
ocelli, and thus surrounding the pale spot on the crown.
There is a roundish median occipital spot of yellow, often
connected by a narrow median line with the crown spot,
bordered on either side by an anvil-shaped spot of brown
whose long point extends obliquely forward along the
frontal suture. Eyes surrounded by yellow internally,
and followed by a brown spot that covers the hind angles
of the head. In pale specimens these markings are often
very obscure. Antennae and palpi yellowish brown.
Prothorax quadrangular, a little wider than long, a
little narrower than the head. Middorsal stripe yellow,
broad, slightly widened posteriorly and often divided by
a narrow median single or broken or double or otherwise
irregular line of pale brown. Brown raised marmorations
thickly besprinkle the sides of the disk, closely crowded
56 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
up to the edge of the middle stripe, more openly spaced
toward the yellow line at the side margin. Similar small-
er marmorations besprinkle the large yellow areas upon
the sides of the occiput. There is a short narrow pale
stripe on the praescutum of the mesothorax, and a still
paler spot before each wing root. Legs pale with a wash
of brown near the ends of femora and tibiae and tip of
tarsi ; knee yellowish, between the bands of brown. Wings
smoky hyaline with brown veins, abdomen brownish,
darker on the sides.
Male. Segments normal to the 9th abdominal, which
is twice as long on the ventral as on the dorsal side, its
sternite prolonged rearward in a broad genital scoop with
a short longitudinal fold or sulcus demarking its sides.
Middorsal margin slightly elevated, reflexed, and thick-
ened and beset with short stiff yellowish hairs. The 10th
segment is divided on the middorsal line to accommodate
the remarkably enlarged supra-anal process; the top of
each half is again divided transversely by a deep oval
cleft, the edges of which are fringed with stiff yellowish
hair ; the shorter anterior division before the cleft is nor-
mally concealed within the apex of the 9th segment ; the
longer posterior division is curved forward and, with its
fellow of the opposite side, constitutes the genital hooks.
Female. The subgenital plate is prolonged to cover the
ventral surface of the 9th segment, divided into two
broad, evenly rounded lobes, between which is a narrow,
parallel-sided square-cut notch ; its bottom is at the level
of the apex of the 8th segment.
This is the common species of our western mountains.
In the original description Hagen (1. c. p. 576) called at-
tention to the five pairs of gills that the adult insect car-
ries over from the last nymphal stage.
Distribution. — Colorado, foothills; Tolland, Colo. (G. S.
Dodds) ; Kenosha Pass, August and Platte Canon, Colo.,
July (Osier) ; Lawn Lake, Estes Park, Colo. (P. W. Claas-
sen) ; Custer Co., Colo. "A 25" brachvpterous male (T.
D. A. Cockerell) ; Salt Lake Co., Utah, June 10, 1910;
Rogers Pass, B. C., 4500 ft. to 5525 ft. elevation, males
and females, August 19, 1908 (J. C. Bradley) ; Howser,
Selkirk Mts., B. C, June 22 (J. C. Bradley).
Perlodes yosemite new species.
(Plate 7, fig. 20; plate 10, fig. S.)
Male. Length of body 13 mm.; of antennae 11 mm.;
of tail 10 mm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA ;)7
Female. Length of body 15 mm.; of antennae 11 mm.;
of tail 10mm.
A long horned, long tailed, long legged, short winged
species of dirty olivaceous-fuscous color obscurely varied
with pale, the middorsal stripe and the crown spot on the
head being the more conspicuous marks. The color pat-
tern is best developed in the female specimen and is as
follows : head brownish, paler on the labrum, on the mar-
gins of the clypeus, on the crown spot between the ocelli,
on the extreme occiput, and on two large post-ocular spots
extending from the eyes to the hind angles of the head ;
the latter are brown at the sides. The M-mark across
the frons is not very plain and is somewhat abnormal,
the portion adjacent to the middle ocellus being swollen
and enlarged, and the ends of the M relatively small.
Antennae fuscous, paler at base of flagellum.
Prothorax, squarish with a wide collar at the front,
straight parallel sides, and a deep middle sulcus in the
midst of a broad pale middorsal stripe that widens
strongly at its ends. Embossed markings on sides of disc
few, coarse, and irregular. Middle stripe continued on
mesothorax but obscure there. Wings dull smoky brown,
with a darker wash across the base in a faint streak at
front and rear. Wing tips reach the level of the tip of
the abdomen in the female and are a very little shorter
in the male. Veins brown. Legs olivaceous, with rather
plain washes of brown in. rings on femora and tibiae adja-
cent to the pale knees. Tails, olivaceous at base, becom-
ing darker at tip. Abdomen black, paler at tip on seg-
ments 9 and 10.
Male. Similar to P. signata but with a narrower trans-
verse cleft in the dorsal edges of the split tenth segment,
and the genital hook at its rear is pointed, and not broadly
rounded on its tip.
Female. Subgenital plate a broad bifid scoop extend-
ing across the 9th sternite, inflated in the middle, its thin
cleft tip with approximated obtuse points appressed
against the 9T;h sternite. Pale, except for two basal
brown marks at the side, which are repeated on the sides
of the 9th and 10th sternites.
This species is similar to P. signata but smaller and more
plainly colored, and its rear ocelli are farther apart, being
closer to the eyes than to each other.
Distribution. — A single pair, male holotype, female allo-
type, from Mt. Lyell, Calif., taken at an altitude of 11,000
58 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
ft. by J. R. Selvin and now in the collection of the Califor-
nia Academy of Sciences.
Perlodes irregularis Banks.
(Plate 7, fig. 24; plate 10, fig. 7.)
]900. Dictyoptryx irregularis Banks, Trans. Amor. Ent. Sue., 26:243.
1907. Perlodes irregularis Banks, Can. Ent., 39:327.
1932. Megarcys irregularis Kip., Coll. Zool. Selys, 4:12.
1917. Megarcys signata Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Hoc., 4M:472.
Male. Length to wing tips 20 mm. ; expanse 32 mm.
Female. Length to wing tips 28 mm. ; expanse 48 mm.
Color brown, varied with yellow. Top of head with
two irregular black bands that converge toward the oc-
ciput, surround a conspicuous yellow crown spot, meet at
the middle ocellus and diverge again along the middle
parting of the obscure yellow M-line that crosses the
irons. Outside the brown a yellow band on each side ex
tends forward from the occiput surrounds the eye dor-,
sally, covers the oval frontal tubercle, and follows the out-
er leg of the M-mark down on the sides of the clypeus. Be-
hind the eyes the hind angles of the head are blackish ;
dorsal half of basal segment of antennae blackish ; ventral
half yellow, remainder obscure, darkening beyond the
third segment to the apex, palpi obscure. Prothorax
squarish with convex front and hind margins set off by
transverse grooves and with a rather deep middle sulcus.
Mid dorsal line of yellow, broad and conspicuous, widened
at the ends. Embossed markings at sides of disc mar-
morate black. A fuscous background, vermiculate, but
few of the markings in the outer fourth of the area.
Wings fuscous with brown veins, faintly cloudy on the
crossveins of arculus and cord. Legs yellow, conspicuously
marked with fucous as follows: the dorsal sixth of the
tibiae, a subapical wing on femora that runs proximaliy
in two vanishing streaks, and one or two marks across the
base of the femora on the dorsal side.
Abdomen tawny fuscous, the color deepening toward
the apex, venter paler with three dots in a row across
each of the middle segments ; the ninth segment blackish
except on its projecting rear margins above and below.
Male. Segments normal to the ninth, that segment
abbreviated dorsally and bearing just before the hind
margin a conspicuous bilobed transverse reddish crest,
sides oblique, and vents prolonged into a broad scoop-like
subgenital plate, upcurved on their margin and pale red-
dish or yellowish in color. This extension of the sternite
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 59
adds a fourth to the length of the segment, and is set off
at either side by a fold half the length of the segment.
Segment ten divided middorsally as usual. The upper
edges of its side walls, deeply cleft and the hind angle
prolonged and curved forward in a very long ensiform
pointed genital hook, that is obliquely truncated at its tip,
not rounded as in P. signata.
Female. The broad subgenital plate is produced to
cover half the ninth sternite and is divided into two
broadly rounded lobes that are separated by a shallow
acute notch.
Egg. The egg of this species is oblong with ends sym-
metrically rounded. It is one-half wider than long. The
brownish shell is marked off in rather regular hexagons,
made of flat raised anastomosing ridges that are half as
wide as the areolations they inclose. There is a small
collar-like rim at the micropylar end, through which pro-
jects a transparent stalk: no cap seen upon this stalk in
the specimens that have been before us.
Distribution. — Mount Rainier, Wash, (female type) ;
male neallotype herewith described from same ; Paradise
Valley, collected by E. P. Van Duzee July 17, 1920) ;
Waterton Lakes, Alta. (J. McDunnough) .
Perlodes slossonae Banks.
(Plate 7, fig. 19.)
1914. Perlodes slossonae Ba-nks, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., p. 608.
1917. Arcynopteryx inornata Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:481.
Length to tip of wings, 17 to 18 mm. ; expanse, 30 mm.
Color brownish, the meso and metathorax blackish.
Head concolorous above, in so much that the usual frontal
tubercles and transverse M-line are scarcely visible. Ocelli
rather small, the rear ones about as close to the eyes as
to each other. Antennae and palpi dark brown.
Prothorax chocolate brown with a broad yellow median
stripe that connects with the yellows on the rear of the
head. Disc a little wider than long, its sides rather
strongly rugose. Front angles sharp; hind angles
rounded. No gills. Legs brown. Wings with a scanty
and irregular network of -crossveins in the tip between
the costa and the branches of R2. First half of costal
area beyond the humeral free from crossveins.
Abdomen blackish above, brownish beneath and lighter
toward the tip. Tails yellow at base, darkening toward
the tip; the segments darkening distally and clad with
lacy hairs.
60 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Female. Subgenital plate bilobed with hairy margin,
the lobes extend well over the ninth sternite, and the
median excavation between them is wide.
Distribution. — White Mountains, N. H.
The type is No. 11308, M. C. Z., in the Banks Collection.
The junior author has studied this type and finds
Banks' figure of the subgenital plate seriously in error
(1. c, PI. 28, fig. 17), in showing the lobes at its tip slender
and incurved; they are broad and rounded, as shown in
Miss Smith's plate (1. c, PI. 33, fig. 53), and in our figure.
Perlodes lineata Smith.
(Plate 7, fig. 18.)
1917. Arcynopteryx lineata Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:476.
Below we transcribe the entirely adequate original de-
scription :
Female. Length to tip of wings, 22 mm.; expanse of
wings, 34 mm. ; length of antennae, 9 mm. ; length of
setae, 11 mm.
Color dark brown varied with yellow, pubescent. Head
with three small ocelli arranged in an isosceles triangle,
the lateral ocelli equidistant from each other and the
inner margin of the eyes, the distance between them a
third greater than the side of the triangle. On either
side of the ocellar triangle, a little closer to the lateral
ocellus than to the inner margin of the eyes, is a rather
flat, elliptical tubercle. M-shaped mark fairly prominent.
Head yellowish-brown, a blackish-brown, rectangular,
frontal spot with short horns extending posteriorly to the
paired ocelli ; entire occipital border yellow with a broad,
median, triangular extension passing forward with its
apex in the apex of the ocellar triangle ; anterior to the
yellow border, a dark brown coarsely sculptured oval area
on the lateral occipital regions. Under side of head yel-
lowish, palpi and antennae brown.
Prothorax quadrangular, wider than the occiput,
breadth almost twice as great as the width, front and hind
margins a little convex, sides straight, angles rounded;
a broad, median, yellow stripe ; inner lateral fields with
glossy corrugations. Meso- and metanotum dark brown.
Venter of thorax pale with a large, brown, median, shield-
shaped spot on each of the three segments, on the an-
terior border of the last two segments, transverse bands
running out from the median spots. Legs dark brown
with femora and upper part of tibiae a little paler in
coloration. Wings with yellow-brown venation, an ir-
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 61
regular network of crossveins between costa and the
branches of the radial sector ; nearly the first half of the
costal area beyond the humeral crossvein free from
crossveins ; the length of the inner inter-radial cell three
times as great as its base. A single pair of small, white,
fleshy, finger-like gills on the lateral margins of the sub-
mentum.
Female. Abdomen uniformly dark brown ; basal seg-
ments of the setae brown, the following ones alternately
ringed with white and brown, each segment being marked
with a narrow, basal, ring of white followed by first a
narrow brown, then a narrow white band and finally a
broad, brown, terminal ring. Subgenital plate trapezoidal
with a broad, shallow, V-shaped, apical notch (fig. 48) .
Distribution. — Old Forge, N. Y. (the female type), Aug.
16, 1905. (J. G. N.)
Perlodes americana Klapalek.
(Plate 7, fig. 21 ; plate 10, fig-. 5.)
1912. Arcynopteryx americana Kip., Coll. Zool. Selys., 4:21.
1917. Arcynopteryx americana Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:481.
Expanse of wings, male 24 mm. ; female 37 mm.
Color black, lineate with yellow. A broad longitudinal
mid-dorsal stripe begins between the ocelli and extends
along head and prothorax and ends in a triangle on the
praescutum of the mesothorax. Sometimes it is followed
by a narrow linear dash- on the top of the metathorax.
Hind angles of the head behind the eyes yellow, this being
confluent around the occiput with the middorsal stripe.
Frontal tubercles low, ovoid in outline, more or less yel-
low, in areas of solid black. The M-line on the frons is
dilated at its ends to cover the flaring lateral margins of
the clypeus. Antennae and palpi blackish. Legs obscure
brownish or translucent olivaceous, indistinctly darkened
toward the knees. Abdomen blackish, paler beneath. Tails
long, hairy, the segments darkened in color toward their
tips.
Male. The apical carinae of abdominal segments 4 to 8
tend to become swollen and padlike rather than carinate,
and are covered with scurfy hairs on the dorso-lateral
angles. They are most thickened on segment 7. Segment
9 is narrower and generally pale, very much widened ven-
trally, the sternum is suddenly prolonged backward into a
wide ovoid subgenital scoop half as long as the portion of
the segment before it. There is a depressed area in the.
middle of the tergum of segment 9, and a bare callosity
62 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
at its bottom. Segment 10 is cleft above for the reception
of the retractile U-shaped supra-anal process, and the
rear angle beside the cleft each side is prolonged into a
finger-like lobe that is bent forward to form a genital
hook. The U-shaped supra-anal process is slightly con-
stricted below an ovoid summit, and its stylets have sharp
thorn-like tips.
Female. Subgenital plate broad, set off at sides by
folds evenly truncate across its wide apex and more
strongly chitinized on its lateral angles. The appearance
of this plate is exceedingly variable in pinned specimens,
since the middle portion of the hind margin is thin and
may be variously in- or out-rolled in drying. It is nearly
always more strongly chitinized at the sides next to the
marginal folds.
Distribution. — Colorado ; Boulder, Colo., Apr. 4 and
Apr. 6, 1904 (S. A. Rohwer) ; "Fallen Log," June 19, 1916
(A. C. Browne) ; Logan, Utah, Apr. 30, 2 females and 2
brachypterous males; Tenas L., B. C, Apr. 1904; Fair
Oaks, Calif., May 10, 1918; Lewis Lake, B. C, May, 1904;
(Stanford University Collection) ; Bozeman, Mont., May
10 (R. A. Cooley).
Perlodes aurea Smith.
(Plate 7, fig. 23.)
1917. Arcynopteryx aurea Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:477.
We have nothing to add to the original careful descrip-
tion, which is copied herewith :
Female. Length to tip of wings, 21 mm. ; expanse of
wings, 32 mm.
This species is apparently rather closely related to
Arcynopteryx vagans.
Color: It is yellowish-brown with yellow markings.
Head triangular, three small ocelli arranged in an isos-
celes triangle the base of which is greater than the sides,
the distance from the inner margin of the eyes to the pos-
terior ocelli less than the distance between the posterior
ocelli, but greater than that from them to the anterior
ocellus. Outside the ocellar triangle, conspicuous, dark
brown tubercles situated a little nearer the paired ocelli
than the inner margin of the eyes. M-shaped mark prom-
inent. The anterior region of the head uniform yellow-
ish brown, the occiput with three pale yellow spots, a
small median triangular one with larger oval ones on
either side. Under side of head pale, palpi brown.
FI.ECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 63
Pronotum quadrangular, wider than the occiput and a
little wider than long, only slightly narrowed posteriorly ;
sides straight, anterior border markedly convex, posterior
one a trifle arcuated, anterior angles rather sharp, pos-
terior ones rounded ; a broad median yellow stripe, lateral
fields embossed. A similar, broad median stripe on the
metanotum, and a small median marginal spot, on the an-
terior border of the metanotum. Venter of thorax pale
with a median shield-shaped darker marking on each of
the three segments ; from these dark median spots on the
last two segments, transverse extensions run out laterally
just anterior to the base of the legs. Legs yellowish-
brown, bases and tips of femora and tibiae, and tarsi,
dark brown. Tips of wings broadly rounded, venation
pale brown ; a rich irregular network of crossveins be-
tween costa and the anterior branches of the sector, in the
fore-wing there is not a long costal area beyond the
humeral crossvein that is free from crossveins, subcosta
passes into radius slightly beyond the level of the cord,
the length of the inner inter-radial cell twice as great as
its base, first anal vein forked (PI. 7, fig. 23).
Female. Abdomen brown above and below; subgenital
plate paler, large and shining, produced nearly across
segment nine ; the posterior border in the form of a W
with rounded angles (fig. 49).
Distribution. — California; the single known specimen
(female type) is without more specific designation of lo-
cality.
Perlodes ignota Smith.
(Plate 7, fig. 22.)
1917. Arcynopteryx ignota Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:479.
The following is the original description :
Female. Length to tip of wings, 17 mm. ; expanse of
wings, 29 mm.
Dark brown, with a few paler markings. Head triangu-
larly produced ; three moderately large ocelli arranged in
an isosceles triangle, the base of which is greater than the
sides, but less than the distance from the posterior ocelli
to the inner margin of the eyes; the M-shaped mark
present but not prominent, small, round, inconspicuous
tubercles situated nearer the posterior ocelli than the in-
ner margin of the eyes. The lateral borders of the clypeus
pale yellow; a dark fuscous crown spot in the form of a
letter X with its center in the median ocellus, the anterior
part outlining the middle region of the M and the
posterior part extending back to the lateral ocelli; a
()4 THOMAS S.W FOUNDATION
median, deep yellow, occipital spot reaching forward be-
tween the ocelli ; dark brown, coarsely sculptured, oval-
shaped spots on the lateral occipital areas. Antennae
brown, the basal segment the darkest ; under side of head
pale, palpi dark brown.
Pronotum rectangular, not as broad as the head; sides
straight, front and hind margins convex, angles blunt ; a
yellow median band, broader behind ; the inner regions of
the lateral fields with embossed markings. Meso- and
metanotum and the entire venter of the thorax, with the
exception of narrow areas surrounding the bases of the
legs which are paler dark brown. Legs brown except a
pale band before the knees and pale tibiae. Wings with
yellow-brown venation, except basal portions of costa and
sub-costa in fore-wing and all bases in hind wing which
are yellow ; an irregular network of cross-veins extending
from costa through the anterior branches of the sector,
the network richest between veins Rl and R2, more
than the first half of the costal area beyond the humeral
crossvein free from crossveins; the length of the inner
inter-radial cell twice as great as its base. Without gills.
Female. Abdomen uniformly dark brown, setae long
and slender; alternately ringed with dark brown and
white, except for the first few basal segments, which
have but a single ring of dark and light, each segment is
marked with a white basal band followed first by a nar-
row brown, then a narrow white ring, and finally a broad
brown one. The eighth ventral segment produced some-
what triangularly with a rectangular notch in the tip.
Subanal plates, large, triangular (fig. 52).
Distribution. — Described from a single female with-
out locality record.
Perlodes minor Klapalek.
1912. Arcynopteryx minor Kip., Coll. Zool. Selys, 4:22.
1917. Arcynopteryx minor Smith, Trail. Amer. Ent. Sue. 43:483.
This species being unknown to us, as it was to Miss
Smith, we copy here her translation of the original de-
scription :
Male. Length of body, 11 mm. ; female, 13 mm. ; length
of anterior wing of female, 14 mm.
Anterior part of the body almost black, abdomen black-
ish brown, in the female yellowish spots on the venter. In
the male the small crown spot of the head joins the occipi-
tal bands and widens laterally along the crown suture ; the
sides of the clypeus are yellow-brown. In the male the
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 65
middle band of the pronotum occupies the entire middle
field; in the female it is less conspicuous, but the lateral
portions show light areas. The under side of the head is
yellow-brown with a black-brown throat ; otherwise the
under side is black-brown, the venter of the female is
lighter. Antennae black-brown, palpi dark brown. Legs
dark brown, femora narrowly bordered with yellow-brown
on the ventral edge, and broadly on the dorsal ; tibiae yel-
low-brown for the most part. Setae shining bright brown.
Head not as long as usual in the species of this genus
and a little narrowed anteriorly. Eyes moderately large
and spherically rounded, behind them there are short
tempora. Ocelli small, forming an isosceles triangle ; the
distance between the posterior ocelli is more than half
longer than the distance from the inner margin of the
eyes and from the anterior ocellus (30:20:22). The crown
suture distinct, the occipital furrow deep. Tubercles large,
broadly oval, equally distant from the posterior ocelli and
the inner margin of the eyes. The cuticle is fine, but with
prominent reticulate wrinkles, and outside the tubercles
and the M-shaped mark it is studded with scattered pits
bearing bristles.
Pronotum slightly trapezoidal, narrower in front than
the occiput, a little widened posteriorly (50:53:47). An-
terior and posterior borders broad, convex ; sides straight.
Middle furrow narrow but deep ; the middle area very
broad, occupying in the first third almost a fifth of the
entire breadth, widened anteriorly and posteriorly. The
structure is similar to that of the head.
In the male the wings are greatly shortened, so that the
anterior ones reach the posterior border of the second
segment, and the posterior ones the posterior border of
the third segment. In both sexes they are conspicuously
smoked. The network in the tip of the wing occupies the
space between radius, its sector, and the several branches
of the same ; but it is comparatively simple and composed
of large, not very irregular cells. The inner inter-radial
cell of the fore wing is a little more than once and a half
as long as its base.
In the male the ninth segment is prolonged into a yel-
low-brown, parabolic, subgenital plate, the tenth seg-
ment is cleft on the dorsal side with mallet-like processes.
The other parts show no departure from the usual form.
The female subgenital plate is short, semicircular,
bright brown, and does not appear notched on the pos-
terior margin.
66 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Distribution. — Arctic America.
A pair in the collection of the Museum of London.
Perlodes vagans Smith.
( Plate 10, figs. 2, 9. I
1!M7. Arcynopteryx vagans Smith, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43:478.
Having nothing to add to Miss Smith's account of this
species we copy her original description herewith :
Male. Long-winged. Length to tip of wings, 16 mm. ;
expanse of wings, 26 mm. Short-winged. Length to tip
of wings, 14 mm. ; expanse of wings, 21 mm.
Color : Yellowish-brown varied with yellow markings on
the head and thorax, and paler beneath. Head triangu-
larly produced ; three small ocelli placed in an isosceles
triangle, its base greater than the sides, the distance from
the inner margin of the eye to the posterior ocellus
greater than the side of the triangle, but not as great as
the base. On either side of the ocellar triangle, a glossy,
dark brown, oval tubercle, somewhat nearer the posterior
ocellus than the inner margin of the eye. M-shaped mark
conspicuous. Labrum whitish. From the tubercle a
broad, dark fuscous area extending laterally to the eye
and encircling its inner margin with a narrow band which
spreads out posteriorly, covering the entire occipital
region behind the eye, anteriorly the band broadens and
runs along the lateral border of the frons and clypeus. In
one specimen at the level of the anterior ocellus, a trans-
verse bar connecting the dark areas of either side, in the
same specimen, from the tubercle a posterior extension,
running slightly diagonally inward to the occipital mar-
gin. Three pale yellow, coarsely corrugated spots on the
posterior border of the occiput, a small median triangular
one with its apex directed forward, and on either side
close to the dark fuscous areas behind the eyes, a large
oval spot. Antennae brown, stout, as long as the body;
palpi brown ; under side of head, pale.
Pronotum trapezoidal, anterior border wider than the
posterior and wider than the occiput, sides and posterior
margin straight, anterior margin convex, front angles
rather sharp, hind angles rounded off; a broad, median,
yellow stripe, conspicuous, glossy brown, embossed mark-
ings on the lateral fields. Meso- and metanotum dark
brown with the median yellow band of the pronotum con-
tinued upon them. The entire venter of the prothorax
pale with darker markings. Legs yellowish-brown ; bases
and tips of femora and tibiae and tip of tarsi, ringed
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 67
with dark brown. Wings with fine yellowish-brown vena-
tion, an irregular network of crossveins occupying the
tip of the wing in the region between radius and the an-
terior branches of the sector; a little less than the first
half of the costal area beyond the humeral crossvein free
from crossveins.
Both long and short winged males ; in the latter the
wings are not greatly shortened, they extend to the tip of
the abdomen. Five pairs of long, white, slender, fleshy
finger-like, tracheal gills arranged as follows: one pair
widely separated on the base of the submentum, a second
pair on a line with the first in the articulation between
head and thorax, the third pair a little lateral and an-
terior to the base of the fore legs, the fourth pair on the
anterior border of the mesothorax on a line with the base
of the legs, and the last pair in the same relative position
on the metathorax.
Male. Abdomen dark brown above and on the sides,
pale on the venter! Setae about three-fourths the length
of the body ; pale brown, conspicuously ringed with darker
and provided with whorls of fine bristle-like hairs toward
the tip of the segments. The seventh dorsal segment tri-
angularly produced over the eighth, and ending in a
strong, upright, median fork ; the eighth segment nor-
mal ; the ninth entire, narrow above, elongated below into
a conspicuous subgenital plate marked with fine trans-
verse striae, a median villous area set off from the lateral
parts by prominent carinae. The tenth segment con-
cealed by the ninth on the venter ; widely cleft above, each
lobe with an erect appendage-like process on the inner
posterior margin; subanal plates boat-shaped, flaring;
stylets entirely concealed by the para-genitals which ap-
pear between the posterior border of the tenth tergite and
the subanals, as a pair of lateral chitinous sheaths with
a white, membranous median portion (fig. 51).
Distribution. — Nevada County, Calif.; San Diego, Calif.
April 23, 1879 (C. V. Riley).
This species is very distinct from other known mem-
bers of the genus by reason of the pair of backwardly di-
rected processes upon the seventh abdominal segment
that stand opposed to the genital hooks. It differs vena-
tionally also in that the subcostal vein at its tip inclines
toward the costa rather than toward the radius.
08
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Genus ISOGENUS Newman.
1833. Isogenus Newman, Km. May., 1:415.
1841. Nephelion Pietet, Perlides, p. 144.
Rather large concolorous grayish stoneflies of north-
ward distribution. The prothorax is rectangular with a
median yellow stripe. The second segment of the antennae
is nearly as long as the first, and succeeding segments are
all short, those of the tip attaining but half the length
of the basal segment. The ocelli
are very minute and widely sep-
arated. The middle segment of
the tarsus is half as long as the
basal segment and about a fifth
as long as the third segment. The
portion of the wings beyond the
cord is long. The subcosta ends
at or shortly before the cord. The
fork of the median vein is narrow
and its tips curve posteriorly at
the margin, while the numerous,
branches of the radial sector ar-
ranged pectinately on the rear-
ward side, tend to curve rather
strongly at their tips in the op-
posite direction (forward). The
middle abdominal segments bear
large cushion-like pads in pairs
upon the dorsal side. The 9th
sternite is little prolonged into a
subgenital plate. Segment 10 is
cleft above for the accommoda-
tion of a retractile U-shaped
supra-anal process, and the rear
angles beside the cleft are pro-
duced and recurved into upturned Fig.13. Isogenus colubrinus
obtuse, spinulose tipped genital Hag<
hooks.
The three species herein included are distinguished
from the species of Perla next following by very slight
characters. We retain the name in deference to long
usage.
Genotype, Isogenus mbecula Newman (European).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 69
Key to the Species.
Males.
Lateral stylets of supra-anal process not reaching
its cap frontalis
Lateral stylets of supra-anal process just reach-
ing its cap elongatus
Lateral stylets of supra-anal process surpassing
base of its cap colubrinus
Females.
Subgenital plate deeply and widely cleft— frontalis
Subgenital plate shallowly notched at its tip
elongatus
Subgenital plate narrowly and deeply cleft
colubrinus
Isogenus frontalis Newman.
(Plate 10, figs. 10, 13, 14, 15, 16; plate 11, fig. 1.)
1838. Isogenus frontalis Newm., Ent. Mag., 5:178.
1841. Nephelion frontalis Pict., Hist. Nat. Perlides, p. 172.
1861. Isogenus frontalis Hagen, Syn. Neur., N. A., p. 18.
1883. Pcrla sulcata Prov. Pet. Faun. Can., Neur., p. 74.
1918. Perla titusi Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 42:6.
1920. Perla incesta Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:318.
Length to wing tips, male, 18-24 mm.; female, 20-25
mm. Expanse of wings, male, 30-35 mm. ; female, 36-42
mm.
Color brown to blackish, with a yellow stripe on the
prothorax, and a large yellow triangular spot on the rear
of the head. Head blackish above except for this spot
(whose apex reaches forward to the suture behind the
ocelli), and a pair of divaricate yellow dashes, that border
the arms of the obscure transverse blackish frontal M-
mark in front. Edge of mouth above and head beneath
pale. Antennae and palpi brownish, the latter darker.
Ocelli minute, the laterals half as far from the eyes as
from each other.
Prothorax rectangular, about one fourth wider than
long: its middle yellow line is divided by a sharp brown-
ish longitudinal sulcus. The sides of the disc are densely
covered with rather coarse blackish marmorate markings.
The mesothorax is yellow before the wing roots, and dif-
fusely so along the middorsal line. Legs brownish with
70 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
the usual yellow ring capping the femora at the knees.
Wings subhyaline, with brown veins and a heavier infus-
cation upon the front of the cord and on the base of the
radial sector. There is occasionally an extra crossvein be-
tween veins R and M, forming a closed cell beyond the
cord. There is a heavy terminal branching of the radial
sector, with the branches all springing to rearward and
bending forward at their tips.
Abdomen brownish, somewhat lighter toward the tip.
Tails yellowish brown, darkening toward the tip, much
exceeding the folded wing tips, their cylindric segments
clad with a short close pubescence.
Male. Abdomen upcurving at the end and concave on
the dorsum of all the middle segments with lateral humps
or pads formed upon 5 or 6 to 8, these cushionlike pads
being oval or crescentic in form and covered with scurfy
pubescence. Segment 9 is strongly narrowed above, be-
ing broadly and deeply concave on the rear margin above,
and slightly produced to rearward beneath. The subgen-
ital scoop thus formed is not well marked off at its side,
but is crimped into a somewhat triangular gutter on the
mid-ventral apical margin. Segment 10 is cleft in two on
the dorsal side for the reception of the retractile U-
shaped supra-anal process, whose basal attachment forms
a triangular figure in brown at the base of the 10th ter-
gite, there strongly chitinized. The halves of the 10th
are again divided laterally by a deep notch, the rear
border of which is a linear flattened process that curves
forward and upward forming a genital hook, clad with
long hairs posteriorly and with short chitinous prickles on
its forwardly directed border. The retractile U-shaped
supra-anal process bears a sharply decurved thornlike
tip (PI. 4, fig. 4) and a pair of minute, club-shaped,
prickle-coated lateral stylets, and these are inclosed be-
tween two paragenital plates, from whose rear angles
above project two slender thorn-like processes. Subanal
plates small, obtuse-angled.
Female. The subgenital plate is as broad as the ster-
num, generally well set off at its sides by a deep oblique
inwardly directed groove. Its apical margin overlaps
upon the base of segment 9, is very broadly rounded, and
deeply divided by a wide median notch.
A wide-ranging northern species of great variability in
size and coloration, and even in genital characters, inter-
grading more or less completely with the two next follow-
ing.
•PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 71
Distribution. — St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Can-
ada ; Great Slave Lake ; Dawson, Y. T. Canada, July 5,
1912 (J. M. Jessup) ; Grand Lake, N. F., July; Grand
River, Canada, July 1, 1888 (L. Cabot), Apostle Is., Ash-
land Co., Wis., July 4-11, 1907; Niagara Falls, N. Y., June
24, 1901 ; Blackf oot, Idaho, June 22 (E. G. Titus).
Isogenus elongatus Hagen.
(Plate 10, figs. 12, 17.)
1875. Isogenus elongatus Hag., Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 576.
1907. Isogenus elongatus Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1912. Isogenus elongatus Klap., Coll. Selys, 4:58.
Length to wing tips, male (short winged) , 8 mm. ; fe-
male, 24-28 mm. ; to tip of abdomen, male, 14 mm. Ex-
panse, female, 40-44 mm.
Color, brown varied with yellow. Head obscure brown,
with a faint dark polished M-mark across the front, in-
terrupted at the middle ocellus. An indistinct diffuse
crown spot of yellowish is connected posteriorly with the
apex of a more evident triangular spot upon the rear of
the head; antennae concolorous, brownish. Palpi darker
brown.
Prothorax rectangular, with the usual pale mid-dorsal
stripe widening slightly to rear, and disappearing upon
the front of the mesothorax. Legs concolorous, brownish
except for the paler tips of the femora at the knees.
Wings subhyaline with brown veins, and a faint wash of
brown about the front end of the cord. They are so ab-
breviated in our male specimens as to cover only the basal
half of the abdomen.
Abdomen blackish. Tails black.
Male. Abdomen brown, becoming blackish toward the
tip and across the apices of segments, with a pair of ob-
scure submedian pale dots close to the mid-dorsal line on
each of the middle segments. Segment 9 is but little
altered from the normal, a little abbreviated dorsally and
elongated ventrally, but with no distinct elongation into
a subgenital scoop — only a little narrow median depres-
sion of the extreme mid-ventral apical margin with a pair
of impressions of the wall beside it. Segment 10 cleft
above, as usual. Chitinized strongly at the sides where
broadly exposed, thinner below. The edges of the cleft
above are broadly emarginate with both angles pointed,
the hinder one a little longer, acute, beset with about fif-
teen coarse prickles and erected and curved forward to
form a low genital hook. The U-shaped supra-anal proc-
ess bears a pyramidal transparent cap covered with mi-
72 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
nute outwardly directed prickles, and with its slender apex
curved posteriorly in a small hook. There is also a sharp
thorn-like spine pointing rearward from base of cap. In
all this it is very similar to /. frontalis and /. colubrinus, but
the terminal decurved tip appears to be less hooked than
in those species, and the lateral stylets are a little longer,
their tips reaching the level of the base of the terminal
hook. The lateral stylets are half as long as the entire
supra-anal process, stout, nearly straight, simple, blunt
on apex, their distal third covered with microscopic den-
ticulations in concentric lines.
Female. The subgenital plate is variable, but generally
it is truncated squarely and bears a minute median notch,
though this notch in some specimens is lacking.
Distribution. — Foothills of Colo, and Ogden, Ut. (fe-
male type and cotypes) ; Poudre River, Colo., June (U. S.
N. M.) ; Platte Canon, Colo., May (Dyar and Caudell) ;
Montana Exp. Sta., Bozeman, Mont., May, 1920; Gallatin
Co., Mont., May 23, 1917. Elevation 4,800 feet (R. A.
Cooley).
Isogenus colubrinus Hagen.
(Plate 10, figs. 11, 18; plate 11, fig. 5.)
L875. Isogenus colubrinus Hag., Bull. Geo!. Surv. Terr., p. 576.
1907. I. •stm i' a ns ml itb rimis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1912. Isogenus colubrinus Klap., Coll. Selys, 4:59.
Length to wing tips, male, 18-20 mm.; female, 22-23
mm. Expanse, male, 26-32 mm. ; female, 28-44 mm.
Color brown, with a middorsal stripe of yellow on the
prothorax. Head brown, with a triangular yellow spot on
the occiput, that sometimes extends forward between the
ocelli. The transverse M-mark across the frons is pol-
ished, and its angles are all rounded off. At its outer end
is a pair of pale spots near the antennae. Ocelli minute
and spaced as in /. frontalis. Antennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax a little wider than long, rectangular with
sharp angles ; median yellow stripe widened at the front
margin, and again toward the rear. Legs brown, dark-
ened toward the knees, except for the usual pale line
across the tip of each femur. Wings subhyaline, veins
brown, with costal and subcostal veins a little paler than
the others, a very slight darkening of the area about the
front of the cord.
Abdomen brown: Tails brown except at base where
they are yellowish, as are the subanal plates. The male
genitals are very similar to /. frontalis: the genital hooks
of segment 10 appear to be a little shorter; the pad-like
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 73
humps on the dorsum not so fully developed: they are
usually distinct only on segments 8 and 9 (these are, how-
ever, very variable in appearance) ; and there seems to be
the difference in the conformation of the tip of the supra-
anal process that is shown in our figure in Plate 11 (fig.
5).
The subanal plate of the female is similar to that of /.
frontalis, but its tip is usually more squarely truncated,
and its dividing median notch is narrower.
A further study of the range of variability of the three
preceding may determine that they constitute but one
variable species.
The eggs of all of them are roundish oblong with a low
wide reflexed collar at the micropylar end, this collar hav-
ing about a fourth the width of the egg. In typical speci-
mens of /. frontalis from Grand Lake, Newfoundland, the
body of the egg is a trifle wider than in specimens ol /.
colubrinus from the Columbia River.
Distribution. — Snake River, Idaho; The Dalles, Ore.,
June 23 (Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Umatilla, Ore., June
24 (S. Henshaw) ; Pullman, Wash., May 18, 1908 ; Rifle,
Colo., June 23, 1904; Apostle Islands, Ashland Co., Wis.,
July 4-11; Port Huron, Mich., June (Hubbard and
Schwarz) ; Medicine Hat, Assnba., June 13, 1905 ; Car-
bonate, B. C, Canada at 2600 ft. elevation (J. C. Bradley)
Glenora, B. C. ; Upper Mackenzie River (Kennicott) ;
Ungva Bay, H. B. T. (L..M. Turner).
Genus PERLA Geoffroy.
1764. Perla Geoffroy, Hist. Ins.. 2:229.
1842. Perla Pretet, Perlides, p. 141.
1923. Perla Klapalek, Coll. Zool. Zelys, IV, 2, p. 35.
A somewhat heterogeneous group of mostly rather
large stoneflies having little else in common than the dor-
sally cleft 10th segment of the male abdomen : often, a
supra-anal process of variable form occupies the cleft.
There is a series of species (hastata and bilobata) having a
rectangular prothorax with a median yellow stripe, radial
sector forking far out, erect, well matched cord, and cu-
bito-anal crossvein well beyond the apex of the anal cell.
There is another contrasting series of species having the
prothorax narrowed to rear and with rounded hind
angles, lacking the median yellow stripe, radial sector
more deeply forking and cord swung outward and the
cubito-anal crossvein situated at or before the apex of the
anal cell. Numerous divisions of the genus have been pro-
74
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
posed by Klapalek, but they
have not been well defined.
In so far as recognizable, our
species will be found grouped
under them in the systematic
list at the end of the volume.
Genotype, Perl a maxima
Scopoli (European).
Key to the Species.
1. Cubito-anal crossvein
of forewing (except
in P. phalerata) situ-
ated more than its
own length beyond
the apex of the anal
cell ; first fork of
vein Rs far out be-
yond the cord ; male
with segment 10
cleft dorsally and a
retractile U-shaped
supra-anal process
occupying the cleft 2
Cubito-anal crossvein
of fore wing situ-
ated at the front of
than its own length
beyond the apex of that cell ; basal fork of vein
Rs involved in the cord or not remote there-
from ; male with no supra-anal process occupy-
ing the dorsal cleft of the 10th segment but
with the edges of this cleft elevated into geni-
tal hooks 20
Male with no conspicuous lobes beneath abdom-
inal segments 7 and 8 (occasionally a small lobe
on 7) : larger species 3
Male with conspicuous lobes beneath both the 7th
and the 8th segments, larger on 7: small east-
ern species 19
Cubito-anal crossvein well out beyond the anal
cell 4
Cubito-anal crossvein close to (somewhat less
than its own length beyond) the anal cell ; larg-
er, western species with copious venation 17
Fig. 14. Perla immarginata Say.
the anal cell or less
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMER^A 75
4. First anal vein, beyond the anal cell, straight;
costal apical crossvein very strongly aslant ; tip
of vein Sc equidistant from veins C and R ; vein
Rs 5-branched innubila
First anal vein, beyond the anal cell, bent for-
ward to meet the cubito-anal crossvein at an
angle; tip of vein Sc usually much nearer vein
C than vein R 5
5. Costal crossveins in the apical series not less
numerous than in the proximal series alameda
Costal crossveins in the apical series fewer than
in the proximal series 6
6. Tip of subcostal vein in the fore wing almost
joins the costa; male with apical dorsal lobes
of segment 10 developed as recurved genital
hooks, and with tip of supra-anal process
strongly decurved: the largest species (male,
expanse 44 mm.) crosbyi
Tip of subcostal vein less closely approximated to
the costa; male with lobes of segment 10 not
recurved mostly, convergent to rearward, and
with tip of the supra-anal process not strongly
decurved 7
7. Wing membrane subhyaline with brown veins 8
Wing membrane brown 16
8. Blackish species with apex of abdomen yellow-
ish 9
Brownish or pale species with concolorous abdo-
men; western species 13
9. Veins Rs and M in hind wing fused for one-fifth
the length of the disc 10
Veins Rs and M in hind wing fused for one-sev-
enth the length of the disc 12
10. Top of head more black than yellow 11
Top of head more yellow than black; male with
a ventral apical lobe on abdominal segment 7 ;
subgenital plate of female very large and
broadly rounded expansa
11. Yellow of the rear of the head extended forward
into the ocellar triangle; rarely an extra r-m
crossvein postica
Yellow of the rear of the head restricted to a tri-
angle bordering the occiput and not extended
forward to the ocelli ; usually with an extra r-m
crossvein varians
76 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
12. Male with a distinct apical midventral lobe on
abdominal segment 7. Larger northern species
hastata
Male with no lobe on segment 7 ; smaller eastern
species fugitans
13. Black species, with 3-lobed yellow spot on rear
of head nona
Small pale species (max. expanse 30 mm.) with
apical ventral lobe on 7th abdominal segment
of the male 14
14. Three pale spots in a row across the rear of the
head aestivalis
Yellow confluent across rear of the head 15
15. Yellow middorsal stripe of prothorax covering
about a fourth of the width of the pronotum,
not much constricted before the middle — West-
ern modesta
Yellow middorsal stripe of prothorax covering
much less than a fourth of the width of the pro-
notum and strongly constricted before the mid-
dle— Eastern vert icalis
16. Rs forked far beyond the cord; fusion of veins
Rs and M in hind wing short, about a sixth the
length of the disc tincta
Rs with basal fork close to or involved in the
cord ; fusion of Rs and M in hind wing longer,
equaling one-third the length of the wing disc
sorpta
17. Median vein 3- to 4-branched 18
Median vein 2-branched phalerata
18. Legs blackish with no distinct pattern of yellow
obscura
Legs brown with light yellow half rings before
the knees venosa
19. Wing expanse 24 to 29 mm. Supra-anal process
of male double duplicate,
Wing expanse 18-24 mm. Supra-anal process of
male single, telescopic bilobata
20. Cubito-anal crossvein opposite the apex of the
anal cell, or very close thereto 21
Cubito-anal crossvein situated distinctly before
the apex of the anal cell capitata
PLECOPTERA 0¥ NORTH AMERICA 77
21. With two black stripes upon a yellow prothorax.
Cleft of the 10th tergite in the male shallow
liictuosa
Prothorax not so marked; 10th tergite of male
deeply cleft 22
22. In the hind wing the 2nd anal vein is pectinately
6 to 7-branched. Ocelli very large ramosa
In the hind wing the 2nd anal vein is 3 to 5-
branched 23
23. Head and prothorax yellowish above; male geni-
tal hooks of the 10th tergite small and incon-
spicuous opposed by low lobes on the 8th and
9th tergites kansensis
Head and prothorax obscure brownish ; the geni-
tal hooks of the 10th tergite in the male are
very large and reach far forward 24
24. With a rounded ventral hammer on the enlarged
9th sternite and no dorsal processes opposed to
the hooks 25
With no hammer on the 9th sternite, but with
dorsal lobes on 5th tergite, opposed to genital
hooks 26
25. Subgenital plate of female straight-edged
languida
Subgenital plate of female with a shallow median
recession sabulosa
26. Genital hooks of male sharply pointed. Dorsal
lobe of abdominal segment 5 with a narrow
median apical notch. Female subgenital plate
notched in the middle of a broad border
immarginctta
Genital hooks of male bluntly pointed ; dorsal lobe
of segment 5 with a wide rounded apical cleft.
Female subgenital plate produced to rearward
in a pair of teeth that stand beside and inclose a
narrow notch media
Perla innubila, new species
(Plate 12, fig. 6; plate 17, fig. 20.)
Length to wing tips, female, 22 mm. ; expanse, 38 mm.
Color brown varied with yellow. Head brown above
with a yellow cross band upon the middle half of the oc-
ciput, a pair of pale yellow triangles pointing inward be-
tween the lateral ocelli and the eyes, and all the front of
the head before the antennae yellow. Antennae and palpi
78 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
yellowish brown. M-mark across the frons very obscure,
showing by faint translucence in the midst of the brown.
Eyes and ocelli both very small and equidistant in spac-
ing.
Prothorax about twice as wide as long and a little nar-
rowed posteriorly, with front margin convex and hind
margins straight and both lineate with brown except at
middle stripe. Bosses very few and coarse and ill defined.
Middle yellow line very broad upon the collar, then nar-
rowed to a line, then ovately rounded and then ending tri-
radiately on the rear of the segment, the middle rav be-
ing continued upon the front of the mesothorax. Legs
pale brownish ; tarsi darker brown. Wings subhyaline
with sharply defined and copious brown venation. The
subcostal vein is strong and toward its tip it lies rather
nearer to the radius than to the costa. The three apical
costal crossveins are long and strongly aslant. The radial
sector is 5-branched in both wings with a cord cell at its
base next vein M. There are seven or eight crossveins
in median and cubital area of fore wing. Fusion of veins
Rs and M in the hind wing extends over about one-fifth
the middle area, and the second anal vein is two or three
branched and strongly sinuate ; the third anal is less sin-
uate.
The abdomen is brown at the sides, paler dorsally and
ventrally, and almost wholly yellow on segments 9 and 10.
Tails yellow at base (broken off) .
Male unknown.
Female. The subgenital plate is both wide and long,
broadly rounded, obliquely incised at the base, extending
across the 9th sternite, dark colored and clad with soft
hairs on its ventral face.
The venation holds the best distinctive features for
this species, which differs from its allies in having the
base of the 1st anal vein in the fore wing nearly straight.
The 2nd anal of the hind wing strongly sinuous, the sub-
costal vein running slightly nearer to vein R than to vein
C and the apical costal crossveins very strongly aslant.
Distribution. — A single female holotype specimen from
Sunburst, N. C, May 6, 1912.
Cornell University Collection.
Perla alameda, new species.
(Plate V2, fig. 2; plate IS, fig. 4.)
Length, male, 13 mm. ; expanse, 24 mm.
Color smoky brown, varied with paler brown, yellowish
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 79
beneath. Head, yellowish brown with a diffuse brownish
spot covering the ocelli and a faint suggestion of a paler
triangle at the occiput. Antennae brown, paler at base of
flagellum. Palpi long, dusky. Eyes very prominent and
hind angles of head rather small. Ocelli a trifle nearer
to each other than to the eyes.
Prothorax quadrangular with parallel sides a little
wider than long, with rather acute angles. Middorsal pale
stripe obscure, widened to rearward. Embossed markings
well distributed over the sides of the disc but faint and
ill-defined. Legs brown, pale beneath. Wings smoky
hyaline throughout, hardly darker along the costa, the
color due to close set brownish microscopic pubescence.
Costal crossveins few and very faint before the subcosta,
stronger in the apical space beyond. The 2nd and 3rd
anal veins of the fore wing arise close together from the
rear of the anal cell ; in the hind wing" the 2nd anal is
two-branched, the 5th anal three-branched, and the fusion
of veins Rs and M extends only one-sixth of the distance
across the wing disc.
Abdomen yellowish brown, pilose. Tails of the same
color at base, darkening toward their tips and very pilose.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 7th, which is
slightly extended apically on the ventral side in a low
broad lobe; 8 normal; 9 prolonged beneath into a sub-
genital scoop-like lobe that doubles its dorsal length. Seg-
ment 10 is cleft above in its apical half, and the rear
angles beside the cleft are produced into rounded flat very
hairy lobes that in contracted specimens overlap at their
tips. Beneath them lies a long pointed tip of a supra-
anal process inclined upward and blackish, and it is sur-
rounded by a pair of pale slightly protruded paragenital
plates.
Female unknown.
Distribution. — California. Four male specimens from
San Antonio Creek, Alameda County, California, May 21,
1922 (B. C. Cain), bearing Stanford University Collection
numbers "38-1, 2, 3, and 4." "38-2" is the holotype.
Male holotype and a male paratype, in the Cornell Uni-
versity Collection.
Perla crosbyi, new species.
(Plate 11, fig. 4; plate 17, figs. 7, 8.)
Length to wing tips, male, 21 mm. ; female, 23 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 42 mm. ; female, 45 mm.
Colors yellow and brown with yellow tipped abdomen.
80 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Head yellow entirely across both front and rear, the yel-
low of the occiput sending a lobe forward to the middle
of the ocellar triangle. The brown is restricted to a broadly
X-shaped mark covering rearward the ocelli and frontal
tubercles, and forward the middle half of the M-mark of
the frons. Between the hind ocelli and the eyes is a
fainter wash of brown. Antennae and palpi pale brown,
the palpi the darker brown.
Prothorax one-half wider than long, rectangular with
parallel sides a little convex, and angles somewhat ob-
tuse. Outside the lateral margin is a linear flat vertical
declivous area. The yellow middorsal line is narrowest at
the foremost of the bosses (between a pair of opposed 7-
shaped ones) and is very wide behind. Bosses few and
covering less than half the sides: the innermost line of
them running rearward from the 7s is bordered externally
by a series of broader irregular bosses and a single pair
of curved bosses lies farther out toward the sides. The
middorsal pale stripe is continued, first narrowly and then
broadly upon the mesosternum, with extensive mottling
over the remainder of the thorax, and with large fuscous
spots at the sides of meso and metathorax beneath. Legs
yellowish, brownish on the carinae, and blackish on the
tarsi. Wings, subhyaline with rather heavy brown
veins. There is a faint wash of fulvous along the stigma,
and a heavier one along the costal space before the
humeral crossveins. Between the latter and the tip of
subcosta there are only two or three costal crossveins.
Abdomen brown with the two apical segments yellow.
Tails brown with a few of the very short basal segments
yellow. The tails are stouter and their hair coat shorter
than in P. varians.
Male. The abdominal segments are normal to the 9th
which is but little produced on the ventral side and mod-
erately shortened dorsally. Segment 10 is deeply and
widely cleft on the middorsal line, and the hind angles
beside the cleft are produced into long recurved genital
hooks that are linear, regularly curving and thinly clad
with soft hair externally. The supra-anal process bears
at its tip a linear, regularly arcuate, decurved process
rounded on the downward end, and the paragenital plates
beside its base appear to end in bluntly rounded edges,
without angulation.
Female. Subgenital plate similar to that of P. postica
but shorter, and with a minute median notch in its well
chitinized tip.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 81
Male holotype, female allotype, Cornell University Col-
lection, from Missouri (C. R. Crosby).
Perla expansa Banks.
(Plate 11, fig. 7; plate 17, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1920. Perla expansa Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 64:317.
Length to tip of wings, male 18-19 mm.; female, 21
mm. Expanse, male, 30-34 mm. ; female, 36 mm.
General color brown, with a median light yellow line
extending over the prothorax and top of head ; last two
segments of abdomen yellow.
Head as broad as prothorax, ocellar triangle nearly
twice as broad as long, the posterior ocelli closer to the
eyes than to each other. The lateral anterior margin
raised and darker toward the eyes ; the inner area near
the raised margin with a number of dark wavy lines ;
clypeus infuscated with a darker spot near the postero-
lateral angle. A black V-shaped mark connnects the ocelli
and extends forward and outward about half way to the
margin so that the black mark takes the form of a short
and broad H. A dark rounded mark half way between the
compound eye and the black ocellar mark. Area in front
of and behind ocellar triangle light yellow; rest of head
dark brown ; back of head rugose. Antennae and palpi
brown, antennae darker toward the tip.
Prothorax yellowish brown, a little wider than long,
somewhat widened behind, anterior and posterior mar-
gins slightly convex, angles broadly rounded; a median
yellow band slightly narrowed in the middle ; a transverse
sulcated line near the anterior and posterior margins ;
rugosities rather coarse and restricted largely to the in-
ner halves of the sides of the disc ; meso- and metathorax
shiny dark brown, each with a light spot near the middle,
mesothorax with a narrow median longitudinal line. Front
wings brownish infuscated in the region of the cord;
veins dark brown except the base of costa and subcosta,
hind wings hyaline except for the brownish outer one-
third.
Legs light brown, tibia with a narrow dark transverse
band near the proximal end, tarsi darker.
Abdomen dark brown, with segments 9, 10 and 11 light
yellow ; tails yellow, hairy, the basal segments very short.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 9th, which
is shortened above and greatly lengthened beneath api-
cally, its subgenital scoop-like prolongation being broadly
oval and thinly clad with hairs over the upturned surface.
82 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION"
Segment 10 divided above in the usual manner ; a blackish
V-mark on its base above marks the base of the U-shaped
supra-anal process; the rear lobes of 10 above are flat,
bluntly triangular, sparsely fringed on the hind margin
with incurving hairs and beset with short stout pegs on
the dorsal surface.
Female. Subgenital plate very large, about as wide as
long, yellow, covered with fine long hairs, as wide as ab-
domen and extending beyond hind margin of segment
nine ; outer margin very broadly rounded.
Distribution. — Grant, Colo. ; Lawn Lake, Estes Park,
Colo., August 27, 1919, 10,500 ft. (P. W. Claassen) ; Tol-
land, Colo. (G. S. Dodds).
Perla postica Walker.
(Plate 11, fig. 3.)
1842. Perla postica Walker, Cat. Nenr. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 144.
1861. Perla postica Hagen, Syn. Nenr. N. Amer., p. 23.
1904. Perla postica Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Perla postica Banks. Cat. Xenrop., p. 12.
1921. Perla subvarians Banks, Bull. Mis. Comp. Zool., 64:317.
Length 10 to 15 mm. ; expanse, 33 to 39 mm.
Color blackish or brownish, including antennae and pal-
pi. Yellow triangular spot upon the occiput is prolonged
forward between the ocelli in a usually parallel sided
(sometimes tapering) tip and there are two oblique yel-
lowish marks upon the sides of the clypeus before the
bases of the antennae. Prothorax quadrangular wider
than long with sides parallel and angles more or less
acute. The yellow middorsal stripe upon the dorsum
widens to rearward. Meso- and metathorax brown. Legs
pale brown, darkened somewhat toward the knees where
there is the usual yellow transverse pale ring across the
tip of the femur. Wings subhyaline with brown veins,
and in some specimens (all females, as yet noted) a wash
of brownish covers the rear third or fourth of the hind
wings, this being wholly confined to the folded anal area.
Abdomen brown, the two apical segments more or legs
yellow (more in the female) : tails brownish to the base.
Male. Abdominal segments little modified before the
10th; 7, 8 and 9 successively a little more prolonged be-
neath, and 9 abbreviated dorsally, but the subgenital pro-
longation of 9 is very moderate, not scoop-like, and hardly
set off by grooves at the sides. Segment 10 is cleft above
and the rear angles of the cleft are elevated into strap-
like lobes that are very hairy, beset also with stout short
spinules on their forward margin, and rounded on the
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 83
tip. These present a very different appearance according
to the way they are turned; they may lie flattened to
rearward, or be lifted up erect, or even be turned a little
forward, as genital hooks. Between them arises the long
slender straight acute tip of the U-shaped supra-anal
process.
Female. The subgenital plate is distinctly marked off
upon the 8th sternite by oblique grooves and its free edge
projects well backward upon the 9th sternite in an ob-
tusely triangular lobe.
Distribution. — McKenzie River, Canada; Harrisburg,
Pa., May 1 (H. A. Surface) ; Ft. Montgomery, N. Y.9 May
30, 1906 : (wash of fuscous on rear one-half of hind wing) ;
Fall Creek, Ithaca, N. Y.,9 16 May, 1921 (J. G. Need-
ham) ; Rosslyn, Va.,5 (F. C. Pratt) ; Gt. Falls, Va., May
12 ; Potomac River, Va., Apr. 18, 1907 ; Chain Bridge, Md.
(H. Barber).
Perla varians Walsh.
(Plate 17, figs. 11, 12, and text fig. 3.)
1862. Perla varians Walsh, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 364.
1907. Perla varians Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to wing tips, male, 11 mm.; female, 12 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 32 mm. ; female, 34 mm.
Color blackish, with the usual yellow middorsal stripe
and yellow tipped abdomen. Head blackish with a wide
yellow triangular spot upon the occiput and some paler
indistinct edgings around the mouth and next the eyes.
Ocelli about half as far from the eyes as from each other.
Antennae brown ; palpi a little paler brown.
Prothorax wider than long, about as wide as the head,
quadrangular, with parallel sides and sharp front angles ;
rear a little convex and hind angles a little rounded. Ru-
gosities upon the disc rather coarse and closely crowded
toward the inner side. The dorsal pale line widens slightly
to rearward and disappears upon the mesothorax. Legs
brownish except for meager yellow knee cap line, and
tarsi black. Wings subhyaline with blackish veins, that
usually show a darker spot upon the stigma and in the
base of the costal space. The venation is variable as il-
lustrated in the introduction, but the closed cell outside
the cord between veins R and M is usually present.
Abdomen dark brown with the extreme apex yellowish,
more strongly and extensively so in the female. Tails
brown except for a very few of the short basal segments,
thickly clad with short hair.
84 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Male. Segments 7, 8 and 9 a little elongated ventraliy,
9 most so, but hardly scoop-like at the apex. Segment 10
divided dorsally as usual but with the rear lobes thus
formed laid flat, not hook-like, but triangular and suban-
gulate on the end, and covered with hair, almost lacking
the usual forwardly directed spicules. Between these
lobes projects the long pointed, tapering upturned tip of
the U-shaped supra-anal process, with a pair of acute-
angled paragenital plates projecting rearward beside it.
Female. The subgenital plate is nearly as broad as the
abdomen, well marked off on the 8th sternite by a pair of
oblique grooves ; its free margin is ovately rounded, thinly
hairy and overlaps well across the 9th sternite.
Distribution. — Rock Island, 111. ; Elkhart, Ind., June
(R. J. Weith) ; Lake Geneva, Wis., May 9, 1892, "Fontana
Park: crawling on leaves — small stream." No. 27257, 111.
State Lab. Nat. Hist. (S. A. Forbes) ; Riley Co., Kan., "K.
S. A. C. 244" (G. A. Dean) ; Port Huron, Mich.; St. Paul,
Minn.
Perla hastata Banks.
(Plate 11, fig. 2; plate 17, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
1920. Isogenus hastatus Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:314.
Color fuscous marked with yellow. Top of head mostly
black with a crown spot of yellow between the ocelli, nar-
rowly connected with apex of an occipital triangle of the
same color, whose base spreads laterally across the hind
margin of the head. The M-line before the middle ocellus
is narrowly yellow and its two apices connect with a dif-
fuse spot of the same color upon the side of the clypeus.
Labrum yellowish ; antennae and palpi fuscous.
Prothorax blackish with a middle yellow stripe that
slowly widens to rearward, and that suddenly spreads out
laterally on the flaring front margin. A mid-dorsal tri-
angle of yellow on front of mesothorax points with its
apex to rearward and there are other pale spots about
the wing roots. Wings smoky hyaline with heavy dark
brown veins. Legs fuscous, with pale knee caps. Venter
of head and thorax mostly pale, with irregular narrow
markings of fuscous that are median on the sternella, and
broadly spread across the sterna of meso- and meta-
thorax. Venter of abdomen obscure. Segment 10 and
genitalia yellowish. Tails brown.
Some specimens show paired spots of yellow within
the brown of the prothoracic dorsum toward the front,
and smaller dashes of yellow across the frontal tubercles
within the large brown area on the top of the head.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 8.5
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 6th, though
the apical border of the 6th sternite is bordered with yel-
lowish. Segment 7 slightly enlarged, the edges of the
sternite produced in a yellow scurfy pubescent scoop-like
border. Segment 8 similarly less produced. Segment 9
somewhat narrower, its sternite slightly produced, up-
turned and angulate in the rear, its entire rear margin
yellowish. Segment 10 yellowish, cleft on the middorsal
line, the rear angles beside the cleft produced obliquely
to rearward in a pair of elongate triangular obtuse-tipped
hairy lobes that lie nearly flat, and are not recurved at all
to form genital hooks. Upturned tip of the U-shaped
supra-anal process cylindric, very obtusely pointed, and
bearing a pair of brown strongly chitinized claw-like
lateral stylets near its middle.
Female. Abdominal segments 9 and 10 are yellow-
ish and both are covered beneath by the subgenital plate
of the 8th sternite which is produced rearward in a very
broad scoop in the middle of whose hind border is a
wide, shallow, rounded notch.
Distribution.— N. C. in May; White Mts., N. H. ; Glen
House, N. H. June 13 (C. W. Johnson) ; Camp Kennedy,
Mt. Katahdin, Me., 3,000 ft., Aug. 1902; Old Forge, N. Y.,
Aug. 20, 1905 (J. G. Needham) ; Summit of Mt. Grey-
lock, Mass., June 15 and June 11, 1906; Axton, N. Y., June
12-20, 1901 (A. D. MacGillivray and C. O. Houghton) ;
Woodworth's Lake, June 23, 1910 (C. P. Alexander) ; Eas-
ton, N. Y., May 25, 1923 (M. D. Leonard) ; Ringwood
Hollow, near Ellis, N. Y., May 21, 1922 (C. F. Wu).
Perla fugitans, new species.
(Plate 12, fig. 7; plate 17, figs. 13, 14.)
Length to wing tips, male, 15 mm. ; expanse 28 mm.
Color brown varied with yellow. Head brownish above
with a wide occipital band reaching nearly to the brown
hind angles, with a median yellow extension forward to
the middle of the ocellar triangle, constructed on the epi-
cranial suture. Antennae and palpi dull brownish.
Prothorax quadrangular with straight and parallel
sides and rather sharp angles ; obscure rugosities upon
the sides of the disc bordering the usual pale yellowish
median line. This line is narrowed before the middle of
the disc and widened again to rearward, and extended on
to the middle of the mesothorax, very narrow in front but
widened regularly backward on that segment. Legs
brownish. Wings subhyaline with strong brown veins.
86 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Abdomen brown, paler toward the base and on the ex-
treme apex, darker at the sides ; tails brownish with pale
bases.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 9th which is
elongate ventrally beneath the 10th in a short subgenital
lobe. Segment 10 prominent. Cleft as usual on the mid-
dorsal line at the rear, but the angles beside the cleft are
produced rearward in a pair of long, flat, backward-point-
ing, elongate, subtriangular lobes that are obliquely cut
at tips and hairy on rear margins, while their inner edges
bear stout pegs in a marginal series. The outer limb of
the V-shaped supra-anal process is very long and rises
erect from between the lobes of 10 in a thin erect tip with
a minute barb on its anterior face near the tip.
Female unknown.
Distribution. — Texas ; two males, Austin, Tex., March
1, 1903 (J. F. McClendon).
Male holotype and one male paratype in the Cornell
University Collection.
Perla nona, new species.
(Plate 17, fig. 21.)
Length to tip of wings, female 18 mm. Expanse, 32 mm.
General color black with a conspicuous yellow middorsal
stripe.
Head black with a huge yellow three-rayed spot upon
the rear, the middle ray lying within the ocellar triangle,
the outer rays out-curving to the eyes ; another large yel-
low spot occupying the middle of irons and clypeus; an-
tennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax quadrangular wider than long; convex at
front and rear, with a broad median yellow stripe having
jagged edges ; median line continued narrowly to the mid-
dle of meso- and metathorax and followed on each by a
narrow semi-circle, opening forward, pronotum rugose,
wings subhyaline.
Abdomen dark brown ; darker on sides and on apices of
segments. Tails somewhat lighter brown.
Male unknown.
Female. Subgenital plate low and broadly rounded,
covering only the base of the ninth sternite.
Holotype, female, Corvallis, Oregon (Cornell University
Collection).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 87
Perla aestivalis, new species.
(Plate 14, fig. 5; plate 18, fi^s. 7, S, 9, 10.)
Length to wing tips, male, 10 mm. ; female, 12 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 18 mm. ; female, 20 mm.
Color pale brown varied with pale yellow. Head brown-
ish with three spots in a row across the head that are
separated by the rear ocelli and the lateral ones of the
row are dilated around the eyes. Another larger spot be-
fore the middle ocellus is more or less extended at the
sides around the forward angles of the sinuous M-mark.
There are also some obscure yellowish touches along the
occipital border. Antennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax subquadrangular with all angles somewhat
rounded, front margin broadly rounded, hind border
slightly concave in the middle. Sides of the disc rather
uniformly brown and with few slender obscure vermicu-
late embossed lines. Middorsal stripe of yellow rather nar-
'row, somewhat widened toward the rear end and hardly
continued upon the mesothorax. Legs brown. Wings yel-
lowish hyaline with pale brown veins.
Abdomen pale brown, darker at sides, toward the tip
and before the genitalia. Tails brown.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 7th whose
sternite is slightly prolonged in the middle into a low
broadly rounded lobe with a correspondingly broad notch
at either side of it. The 9th segment is moderately pro-
longed beneath into the. usual scoop-like upturned sub-
genital plate following. Segment 10 included in 9 below,
broadly divided above by a median apical cleft, the hind
angles of the cleft tergum being subtriangular with
broadly rounded tips. The U-shaped supra-anal process
possesses two long slender lateral stylets and its basal
attachment is a subtriangular chitinous plate in the base
of the wall of the 10th tergite, having the rear angles of
the triangle cleft at the tip.
Female. The subgenital plate is long, its tip reaching
well across the 10th sternite, broadly subtriangular with
convex sides and rounded apex. The eggs of this species
are carried extruded in a rounded mass beneath the tip
of the abdomen. They are of a curious, lenticular form
(PI. 18, fig. 9).
This species is very close to the eastern Pcrla duplicate!
Banks, but is paler, slenderer, and smaller.
Holotype male, allotype female, Yellowstone National
Park (R. Muttkowsky, in Cornell University Collection).
88 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Perla modesta Banks.
(Plate 12, fig. 1; plate 17, fig. 16-19.)
1908. 1'irJn modesta Banks, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, 34:255.
Length to wing tip, male, 10 mm. ; female, 15 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 15 mm. ; female, 28-30 mm.
Color brownish, varied with amber yellow. Head brown-
ish at the sides and across the front ocellus (where the
color is deepest), with a big trapezoidal yellow spot before
the occiput that widens forward and sends 3 lobes be-
tween and beside the rear ocelli. There is another pale
spot before the middle ocellus and the mouth is pale. An-
tennae pale brown, the basal segment darker. Palpi yel-
low.
Prothorax quadrangular about as long as wide, with
sides parallel and front and rear ends convex, the last
with a small median concavity in the middle. Embossed
markings on the sides of the disc faint and not numerous.
Middle stripe of yellow parallel sided, and extended to
rearward by a triangular spot of yellow upon the front
of the brown mesothorax. Wings subhyaline with pale
brown veins and with the apical costal space from the
tip of the subcosta outward infuscated. Legs yellowish
brown.
Abdomen yellowish brown, darkened at the sides and
on the enlarged genital segments. Tails yellowish brown.
Male. The five short basal segments are ringed with
brown across their apical margins. Segments 6 to 9 are
longer and thickened. The sterna of 7, 8 and 9 all show
subgenital modification, 7 having a ventral oval lobe with
notches at its sides, 8 being darkened and thickened
across its apical half and 9 being produced rearward into
the usual oval upturning subgenital scoop that extends by
a third the length of the segment. 10 is divided dorsally
to accommodate the retractile U-shaped supra-anal proc-
ess whose attachment is marked by a blackish spot on the
middorsal line at the base of the segment: the apical
angles of 10 are produced into elongate, triangular,
prickle-beset lobes that incline upward and rearward.
Female. The subgenital plate is semicircular, its
base covers most of the sternum of 8 and its apex extends
well out upon segment 9. There are two darker spots be-
side its base, and two others in corresponding position
on segment 9.
Distribution. — Boulder, Colo.; Tolland, Colo. (G. S.
Dodds) ; Lawn Lake, Estes Park, Colo., Aug. 27, 1919 (P.
W. Claassen) ; Florissant, Colo., June 1907; Beulah, N.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 89
Mex., July 29 (T. D. A. Cockerell) ; Reno, Nev., 1878
(Morrison) .
Perla verticalis Banks.
((Plate 14, fig. 8; plate 18, figs. 13, 14, 15.)
1920. Perla verticalis Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:318.
1920. Isoperla isolata Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:322.
Length to wing tips, male, 13-14 mm. ; female, 14-16
mm. Expanse, male, 22-25 mm. ; female, 24-30 mm.
Color dull brown varied with yellow. Head yellowish.
Head brownish with a large triradiate yellow spot upon
the occiput ; the three rays extending forward between
and beside the rear ocelli. Pale also before the middle
ocellus. Hind angles broadly black. Antennae and palpi
pale brown.
Prothorax quadrangular with rounded angles and con-
vex front and rear margins, the latter a little refuse in
the middle. Middorsal yellow stripe rather narrow. Sides
of disc brown faintly embossed with numerous obscure
vermiculate embossed markings. Legs pale brown.
Wings subhyaline with pale brown veins.
Abdomen brown, paler about the genitalia. Tails
brown, rather hairy at base.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 7th which
has a low midventral apical lobe set off at the sides by
widely rounded emarginations. Segment 8 normal : 9 a
little extended and upturned below, 10 cleft above with
the lobes beside the cleft subtriangular, rounded on tip.
Supra-anal process with long lateral stylets. Basal at-
tachment plate of two crescentric lobes conjoined end to
end like the halves of a figure 3.
Female. Subgenital plate yellowish, elongate rounded
triangular, obtuse at the apex which extends well across
the 10th sternite.
Distribution. — Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) ;
Elkhart, Ind., June (R. J. Weith) ; Sunburst, N. C, May 2,
1912 (C. S. Brimley).
This may possibly prove to be P. picta Pict.
Perla tincta, new species.
(Plate 14, fig. 3; plate 17, fig. 15.)
Length to wing tips, female, 18 mm. ; expanse, 32 mm.
Color black varied with tawny yellow and with smoky
wings. Head black with a yellow occipital triangle whose
apex just reaches the level of the hind ocelli. M-mark
across the front black, shining, with minute extra angula-
tions. Frontal tubercles crescentic transverse, promi-
90 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
nent, black, shining. Eyes and rear ocelli equidistant.
Antennae and palpi black.
Prothorax with narrow median groove in the yellow
band, and with wide transverse grooves setting off at
front and rear collar and cape, both of which are a -little
convex. Side margins straight and parallel. Embossed
markings in a dense double row each side next the middle
stripe, and a single large one farther toward the hind
angle ; all these bosses are shining black on the dull gray
background of the disc. Dorsal stripe yellow, wider behind
and spreading diffusely beyond the transverse grooves.
Thorax and legs black. Wings strongly tinted with amber
brown, more deeply at base and along the subcostal space.
The cord jogs outward on the radial sector, which
branches far beyond it once or twice. The costal space
lacks crossveins from one-half to one-third the distance
from humeral crossvein to the cord. The anal vein in the
hind wing is two-branched and not sinuate. Wing mem-
brane covered with a microscopic brownish pubescence.
Abdomen black except for the yellow rear margin of
the 9th and 10th segments ; tails black.
Male. Unknown.
Female. Subgenital plate similar to that of P. varians,
broadly rounded, covering most of the 9th sternite, black-
ish in color.
Holotype, female, North Carolina, Cornell University
Collection.
Perla sorpta, new species.
(Plate 12, fig. 4; plate 25, fig. 10.)
Length to wing tips, female, 17 mm. ; expanse, 30 mm.
Color brown varied with yellow. Head mostly yellow
above, dark brown around the sloping hind angles. There
is a ring of paler brown containing the 3 ocelli and en-
tirely surrounding a yellow crown spot between them,
and from this ring an obscure band of brown extends
obliquely forward each side to the base of the antennae.
Basal segment of antennae brown, the remainder lost.
Palpi, pale yellowish brown. Ocelli about equidistant
from each other and from the eyes.
Prothorax fully one-third wider than long, brown, with
a yellow middorsal band covering one-third its width,
parallel sided but diffuse and ill-defined laterally.
Legs, pale brown. Wings subhyaline with brown veins.
There are two oblique crossveins in the apical space. The
tip of the subcosta lies some distance before the cord.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 91
The fusion between veins Rs and M in the hind wing ex-
tend one-third the length of the wing disc.
Abdomen pale brownish, darker at the sides and to-
ward the tip. Tails (basal portion only preserved) yel-
lowish brown.
Male. Unknown.
Female. Subgenital plate broadly oval, evenly con-
toured, completely overlapping the ninth sternite.
Distribution. — California. One female taken from the
stomach of a trout caught in Marblefork Giant Forest,
King's River Trail, Sequoia National Park, between 6,500
and 7,100 ft. altitude on July 24, 1907. Cornell Univer-
sity collection. Mounted on two slides (J. C. Bradley).
Perla phalerata Smith.
(Plate 17, figs. 9. 10.)
1917. Dictyogenus ? phaleratus Smith, Trans. Araer. Ent. Soc, 43:485.
Length to wing tips, female, 21 mm. Expanse, 32 mm.
Color yellowish, phalerate with black; a broad, black
triangle on frons, with apex to rear; a large black four-
rayed spot on top of head, U-shaped in front, the hollow of
the U surrounding the rear point of the frontal triangle,
anterior rays running outward and backward to the eyes,
posterior rays overspreading the paired ocelli. Balance of
head yellow, excepting two vertical tubercles and two
smaller black, shining spots at lateral angles of frontal
triangle.
Prothorax quadrate, nearly twice as broad as long, with
broad yellow median stripe divided with black on the
middle suture and bordered outside by an obscure line of
blackish, embossed markings ; a few larger embossed
markings farther out, half way to the lateral margin.
Thorax broadly lined with black on all sutures. Legs,
lineate with black on all carinae with a sharp transverse
band at each joint and a diffuse one a little above each
knee joint.
Abdomen blackish on sides, yellowish beneath, with
interrupted transverse rows of black dots across the
middle of the segments.
The wings are hyaline with brown veins. There is a
full complement of costal crossveins, and there are in the
type a few extra crossveins between the branches of the
radial sector.
Miss Smith doubtfully referred this species to Dictyo-
genus, noting at the time that it lacked a strong basal
angulation of the 1st anal vein in the fore wing, and that
92 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
the wings are relatively long with open meshwork of
veins. Its nearest ally is Perla modesta, from which it
differs in venation by the possession of the crossveins
above mentioned, and by a much shorter fusion of veins
Rs and M in the hind wing.
Only one specimen, the female type, from New Mexico,
is known; the second specimen (from Colorado) men-
tioned by Miss Smith is Perla modesta.
Perla obscura, new species.
(Plate 25, fig. 15.)
Length to wing tips, female, 17 mm. ; expanse, 30 mm.
Color blackish, with a broad yellow thoracic stripe
and yellow tipped abdomen. Head blackish at the sides,
and across the middle ocellus where the color is deepest.
There is a long yellow inverted-mushroom-shaped spot on
frons and clypeus. A broader yellow spot covers the rear
of the head, rounded in front where it fills the ocellar
triangle, widened in small lobes behind the rear ocelli,
and again upon the occipital border. Rear ocelli equidis-
tant from the eyes and from each other; middle ocellus a
little smaller than the others. Antennae and palpi black-
ish.
Prothorax a little wider than long, a very little nar-
rowed to rearward, sharp angled, very faintly and dif-
fusely embossed upon the black sides of the disc. Median
yellow stripe bright yellow, parallel sided, ragged edged.
This stripe terminates in a triangular spot on the meso-
thoracic praescutum, lateral to which is a pair of smaller
pale spots. Legs blackish with an obscure wash of yel-
lowish on the femora just before the knees. Wings
flavescent-hyaline, especially in the disc and along the
costa, with brown veins, and rather copious venation, the
median vein being three-branched.
Abdomen blackish except for a yellow tip, and tails
blackish.
Male unknown.
Female. Yellow on abdominal segments 9 and 10 and
the extreme base of the tails and the sternum of 8 at the
sides of the blackish subgenital plate. The latter is ovate,
evenly rounded, and almost reaches the apex of the 9th
sternum.
This species is close to the preceding, agreeing in gen-
eral type of coloration and venation. It can hardly be
the same species, for it is too small, details of coloration
are different, the tip of the fore wing is shorter and the
PEECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 93
anal area of the hind wing is broader and the median
vein has fewer branches.
Distribution. — Oregon Caves, Josephine Co., Ore., July
23, 1922 (E. C. VanDyke).
Female holotype in the California Academy of Sciences.
This may possibly be the female of the following
species P. vcnosa, but the relative size of the sexes does
not indicate this.
Perla venosa, new species.
(Plate 11, fig. 8; plate 18, figs. 11, 12.)
Length to tip of wings, 20 mm. ; expanse, 35 mm.
Color brown with a very broad yellow middorsal stripe.
Head brown at the sides deepening and connected across
the middle ocellus ; broadly yellow in front on labrum and
clypeus and with a small inverted mushroom-shaped spot
in the brown before the middle ocellus. Space between
the ocelli wholly yellow, continuous and wider to rear-
ward, and continuous with the broad stripe upon the pro-
thorax. Antennae and palpi yellowish brown. Eyes and
ocelli very small, the rear ocelli a little nearer to each
other than to the eyes. Hind angles of the head behind
the eyes rather prominent.
Prothorax hardly broader than long, sharp angled. The
middorsal yellow stripe covers a third of its entire width ;
the edges of the stripe are parallel but ill-defined. Em-
bossed markings subob'solete, limited to a few obscure, ill-
defined oblique streakings. Legs brown with a dorsal
half ring of bright yellow just before the knees. Wings
flavescent-hyaline with brown veins. The apex of the
wing (portion beyond the cord) long and vein tips un-
usually numerous, especially the branches of the median
vein.
Abdomen brown ; tails paler.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 7th. Ster-
num of segment 7 emarginate at sides and extended
apically into a scoop-like lobe ; margin pilose. Sternum
of 8 similar, less extended but more pilose ; sternum of 9
much more extended, its ventral length being 3 times the
dorsal, and obliquely truncate apically from above down-
ward, a very little angulate and upcurved on the mid-
ventral line, pale on the scoop-like portion and pilose ex-
ternally. Segment 10 included ventrally in 9, cleft above,
and the edges of the cleft are laterally divided in a
rounded notch between two similarly rounded angles that
lie flat on the back ; between the four lobes thus formed
94 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
lies the black 5-rayed chitinous base of the supra-anal
process behind which a pair of ( ) -shaped brownish para-
genital plates encircle the tip of that process.
Distribution. — California; a single male specimen from
Fieldbrook, Calif., May 30, 1903 (H. S. Barber, in U. S.
National Museum).
Perla duplicata Banks.
(Plate 18, figs. 5, 6.)
1920. Perla duplicata Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, No. 3:316.
Length to tip of wings, male, 13-15 mm. ; female, 16-17
mm. Expanse, male, 24-26 mm.; female, 27-29 mm.
General color brown, with infuscated wings and with
a median yellow stripe on prothorax. Head yellowish
with an infuscated spot over the ocellar triangle ; also
darker on the clypeus and behind the eyes ; frontal ridge
low, indistinct ; lateral tubercles not prominent ; ocelli
small, the hind ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each
other. Antennae brown.
Prothorax chocolate brown, with a wide median yellow
stripe and sometimes a little paler on the sides ; narrower
than the head, wider than long; narrowed behind; angles
rather sharp ; front and hind margins somewhat convex ;
surface moderately rugose. Legs brown, tibiae and tarsi
darker; a narrow, transverse, black band at end of
femora ; first and second tarsal segments short, subequal,
third tarsal segment very long. Wings quite smoky ; sub-
costa ends much before the cord ; a series of costal cross-
veins before the end of subcosta and several beyond ;
radial sector with 3-4 branches.
Abdomen yellowish, darker above ; tails yellowish to
brown.
Male. Seventh and eighth abdominal sternites each
with a rounded, median, knob-like appendage, the one on
the seventh sternite much larger than the one on eighth ;
ninth sternite much produced and rounded behind ; tenth
tergite cleft behind on each side with a rounded, raised,
spinulose knob directed inward ; ninth tergite reduced to
a narrow collar ; supra-anal process normally retracted
within the tenth segment; when extended it consists of
two slender chitinous, recurved processes lying side by
side, each somewhat enlarged at the tip and basally sur-
rounded by a membranous sheath ; subanal lobes broadly
triangular, unmodified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite pro-
duced into a large, rounded subgenital plate which reaches
entirely across the ninth sternite.
l'LECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 95
Distribution. — Type, male, June 4, 1911, Fairfax Co.,
Va. (Banks Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ;
three males, one female, June, 1912, Black Mts., N. C.
(Beutenmuller) ; one female, July, 1903, Newfoundland,
N.J.
Perla bilobata, new species.
(Plate 18, figs. 1, 2, 3; plate 14, fig. 7.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 10-12 mm. ; female, 12-14
mm. Expanse, male, 18-21 mm. ; female, 21-24 mm.
General color brown with a median, yellow prothoracic
stripe and with the wings lightly to heavily infuscated.
Head a little wider than prothorax, yellowish brown with
a darker mark over the ocellar triangle and with a dark
spot on the clypeus ; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles not
prominent ; ocelli small, hind ocelli closer to the eyes than
to each other. Antennae yellowish brown.
Prothorax yellowish to chocolate brown, with a yellow
median stripe ; wider than long ; slightly narrowed behind ;
angles rounded (in pinned specimens almost sharp) ; sur-
face only slightly rugose. Legs yellowish brown, a nar-
row black transverse band at end of femora; first and
second tarsal segments short, subequal; third segment
long. Wings lightly to heavily infuscated ; subcosta ends
considerably before the cord ; a series of costal crossveins
before the end of subcosta and several beyond ; radial sec-
tor usually with three branches.
Abdomen and tails yellow.
Male. Seventh and eighth abdominal sternites each
with a median, rounded, knoblike appendage, the larger
one on the seventh sternite ; ninth sternite somewhat
triangularly produced ; ninth tergite slightly emarginate
behind and spinulose each sfde of the median line ; tenth
tergite cleft and each side with a rounded, raised lobe
closely beset with short pegs ; supra-anal process normally
retracted ; when extended it consists of a basal, mem-
branous sheath and a central, slender, chitinous recurved
process which bears at the tip a long, slender, lash-like
filament ; subanal lobes broadly triangular, unmodified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broad, evenly rounded subgenital plate
which normally does not extend entirely across the ninth
sternite.
Holotype male, allotype female, July 19, 1905, Old
Forge, N. Y. (J. G. Needham) ; Paratypes, many speci-
mens, males and females, July 16-19, 1905, Old Forge,
N. Y. (J. G. Needham) ; three males, two females, June-
Aug., Black Mts., N. C. (Beutenmuller).
96 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Perla capitata Pictet.
(Plate 13, fig. 8; plate 19, fi^s. 1, 2, 3, and text fig. 4.)
1842. Perla capitata Pictet, Ins. Neurop., p. 214.
1852. Perla capitata Walker, Cat. Neurop. B. M., p. 150.
1861. Perla capitata Eagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 22.
L902. Perla capitata Banks, Can. Ent., 34:123.
1907. Perla capitata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1923. Phasganophora capitata Klap., Coll. Selys, IV. 2:92.
1S61. Pcrhi tristis Eagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 22.
1904. Perla tristis Banks, Proe. Ent. Soe. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Perla tristis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1861. Perla annulipes Hagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 22.
1904. Perla annulipes Banks, Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Perla annulipes Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1923. Perla annulipes Klap., Coll. Selys, IV. 2:95.
1862. Perla fiavescens Walsh, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 363.
1S76. Perla fiavescens Prov. Le Nat. Can., p. 73.
1907. Perla fiavescens Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1923. Perla fiavescens Klap., Coll. Selys, IV, 2:93.
1883. Perla hieroglyphica Provancher, Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop., p. 73.
1907. Acroncuria hieroglyphica Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1883. Perla marginipes Provancher, Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop., p. 73.
1900. Perla americana Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 26:243.
1904. Perla americana Banks, Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Perla americana Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1908. Perla illustris Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 34:256.
1918. Perla innota Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, 62:6.
Length to wing tips, male, 16-18 mm. ; female, 20-24
mm. Expanse of wings, male, 26-30 mm. ; female, 35-40
mm.
Color brown with yellowish abdomen. Head with a
black spot on the ocellar triangle extending outward be-
fore the frontal tubercle toward the base of the antennae.
Ocellar triangle longer than wide, the rear ocelli and the
eyes about equidistant from each other. Antennae black-
ish brown, yellowish along the base of the flagellum. Palpi
dark brown.
Prothorax brown, concolorous. Sides straight slightly
convergent rearward, front margin convex, the frontal
angles sharp. Hind angles are broadly rounded. Rugosi-
ties of the disc are coarse and densely crowded. Legs
brownish above and yellowish beneath, tarsi blackish.
Wings subhyaline, yellowish along the costal border, the
ends brown.
Abdomen yellowish varied with brown, darker at the
tip, the last segment yellow. Tails brown.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 5th which is
greatly modified on the dorsal side, the apical margin
notched at the sides and prolonged in the middle in a
backward directed triangular prominence that is deeply
notched in the middle of its rounded apex. This prolonga-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 97
tion meets the recurved genital hooks of the 10th segment
and the dorsum of segments 6, 7, 8 and 9 lying betweer.
are concave and somewhat membranous and more or less
excavate on the apical margin of the tergum. Segment 10
is divided on the middorsal line and the hind angles are
produced upward and forward in a pair of remarkably
long, strong, genital hooks that are at first incurved and
then run parallel to their oblique, rounded spinulose an-
teriorily directed tips. There is a line of prickles on the
posterior face of each at midway its length.
Female. The subgenital plate is marked off at the
sides by a groove upon the 8th sternite and is produced
posteriorly in a low broad triangle, rounded (and occa-
sionally emarginate) at the tip.
Distribution. —
New York, Ithaca, May 28, June 2, July 19; Mc-
Lean, June 9; West Falls, July 15; Mallory-
ville, June 20; North Fair Haven, shore of L.
Ontario; Gloversville, June 13, 1910 (C. P.
Alexander) ; Nassau, June 22 ; Clyde, July 26 ;
Ogdensburg, July 19, 1906 (C. Betten) ; Bing-
hamton, July 22; West Branch, Ausable R.,
Essex Co., July 1, 1923 (P. W. Claassen).
Maryland, Plummers Island, June 19 (M. V.
Warner) ; Laurel, July 23 (E. B. Marshall).
Massachusetts, Springfield (G. Dimmock).
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, July 6.
Minnesota, Minnehaha, June 7.
Canada, Quebec.
Nova Scotia, Truro, June 2, June 24, July 17
(R. Matheson) .
Indiana, Elkhart, June 18.
Illinois, Ottawa, July 2 (W. E. Howard).
Michigan, Ann Arbor, June 27.
Kansas, Riley Co., June 22, Popenoe.
Mississippi, Agricultural College, H. E. Weed.
Tennessee, Knoxville, June 24.
North Carolina.
Perla luctuosa Banks.
(Plate 12, fig. 8; plate IS, figs. 16-19.)
1906. Perla luctuosa Banks, Can. Ent., 38:336.
1907. Perla luctuosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to wing tips, male, 17 mm.; female, 21 mm.;
expanse, male, 29 mm. ; female, 34 mm.
98 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
General color orange and black with yellowish wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; orange yellow with
a large black area over the entire ocellar triangle and ex-
tending forward upon the clypeus ; frontal ridges dark
brown; area just behind the eyes brownish; lateral tu-
bercles indistinct; antennae yellowish at base, darker to-
wards the tip.
Prothorax orange yellow with a wide dark blackish
strip on each side or rather with a wide orange median
stripe and a narrow yellowish stripe on each lateral mar-
gin ; pronotum nearly twice as wide as long, narrowed
behind ; front angles subacute, hind angles narrowly
rounded ; surface not very rugose. Legs yellowish ; ends
of femora with a narrow transverse blackish band ; wings
slightly tinted with greenish yellow; venation as in Plate
12, fig. 8.
Abdomen dark brown, somewhat lighter toward the tip ;
tails yellowish, darker towards the tip.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 8th which
bears a low wide ventral triangular apical lobe, ciliate
margined, and set off at the sides by shallow excisions of
the border. Segment 9 is prolonged beneath to twice its
dorsal length. Rearward this ventral portion is smoothly
contoured, rounded and up curving with inrolled edges
above. Dorsally segment 9 is strongly chitinized, squarely
truncated with a minute black denticle at the middle and
another at sides of the flat truncate dorsum. At the sides
it is frailer, membranous and emarginate to rearward.
Segment 10 is wholly included in 9 beneath and partly
above; on the dorsal side it is divided by a deep median
cleft and the rear angles beside this cleft rise in a pair of
genital hooks that are slender, recurved above, and trun-
cate. The subanal lobes rise between these hooks in a
pair of slender pale delicate upturned processes; supra-
anal process short and upcurved.
Female. Subgenital plate somewhat produced and me-
dially with a deep rounded notch which is about as wide
as it is deep.
Distribution. — San Francisco, Cal., 2 females; Mary's
Peak, Ore., "596," July 16, 1911.
Perla ramosa, new species.
(Plate ]9, fig. 17; plate 13, fig. 1.)
Length to wing tips, female, 28 mm. ; expanse, 52 mm.
General color yellowish varied with brown. Head yel-
lowish above except for a brownish inverted V-mark be-
tween the ocelli and joining them, and a wash of the same
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 99
color extending from the middle ocellus to the antennae
and reappearing on the sides of the head behind the eye.
Ocelli very large and close set, the hind ones twice the size
of the median, and separated from each other by little
more than the diameter of one of them ; twice as far re-
moved from the eye. Antennae yellowish beyond the yel-
lowish brown basal segment. Palpi yellowish.
Prothorax a little wider than long, sides contracted on
the posterior third, front margin convex, hind margin
straight or hardly rounded, the angles are sharp ; disc
nearly smooth ; middorsal yellow stripe is narrowed in the
middle. Meso- and metathorax yellowish brown. Legs
yellowish with a narrow dark band crossing the tip of the
femora. Tarsi darker toward the tip. Wings uniformly
subhyaline with pale brown veins. The second anal vein
of the hind wing is remarkable for the number of its
branches, all pectinately arranged on the posterior side.
Abdomen yellowish brown, tails brown. The basal seg-
ment is longer than wide, and succeeding segments 2, 3
and 4 are wider than long.
Male unknown.
Female. Ventral plate produced over at least one-half
of the 9th sternite, broadly rounded, very slightly emargi-
nate in the middle. On the ventral margin of the 9th ster-
nite each side there is a transverse, elongate triangular
area closely covered with short, spiny hairs that bend
forward.
Holotype, female, Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University Col-
lection.)
Perla kansensis Banks.
(Plate 19, figs. 11, 12.)
1905. Perla kansensis Banks, Psyche, 11:56.
Length to wing tips, male, 21 mm. ; female, 22 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 34 mm. ; female, 36 mm.
Color yellowish brown, head concolorous above except
for the rings of black pigment bordering the ocelli in-
ternally and ocelli and eyes about equidistant. Antennae
and palpi brownish.
Prothorax wider than long, greatly narrowed to rear,
ward with broadly rounded hind angles, straightish be-
tween them, the front margin strongly convex. Surface
of the sides of the disc slightly rugose. Meso- and meta-
thorax brownish, legs brown. Femora with a narrow dark
band at the tip. Tibiae broader than usual, inner edges
somewhat swollen, tarsi brown. Wings pale yellowish, the
venation only slightly darker.
100 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Abdomen brown, lighter beneath, especially the ante-
rior portion. Tails brown, darker toward the tip, very
hairy.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 7th which
only differs from preceding segments by a patch of
prickles on the dorsum either side of the middle line, the
dorsum of the 8th segment carries besides similar dense
patches of prickles a little triangular tubercle on the
apical margin, the 9th segment is concave posteriorly
upon the dorsum and little prolonged on the ventral side
underneath the 10th segment. The 10th segment is cleft
on the dorsum and the hind angles beside the cleft are
elevated in a pair of processes that are at first erect and
then sharply bent forward and approximated at their
tips, which stand opposed to the middle median tooth on
the apex of the 8th segment. Externally these genital
hooks are very hairy.
Female. The subgenital plate of the female is an ill-
defined prolongation of the 8th sternite, triangular in
form, overlapping more than half the length of segment
9, conspicuously emarginate at the tip with the two lobes
beside the notch rather bluntly pointed and parallel or
incurving. A pair of small, brownish, oval spots mark
the sides of the 9th sternite.
Distribution. — Kansas, Douglas County in July. Riley
County in September, Lawrence, June 23, 1919 (P. W.
Claassen).
Perla languida, new species.
(Plate 13, figs. 5, 7; plate 19, figs. 18, 19, 20.)
Length to wing tips, male, 18 mm.; female, 28 mm.
Expanse, male, 23 mm. ; female, 43 mm.
Color brown and yellow, mostly pale. Head yellow
across the rear and around the eyes. A brownish spot
fills the ocellar triangle and extends forward and laterally
behind the obscure M-line to the roots of the antennae,
and a brownish cloud occupies the middle of the clypeus.
Antennae brownish yellow, paler along the base of the
fiagellum. Palpi yellow. Ocelli more than twice as large
in the male as in the female, the paired ones more than
twice as large as the median, and separated by little more
than their diameter (three times as far apart in the fe-
male) ; more than twice as far from the compound eyes.
Prothorax subrectangular, hardly as wide as head, nar-
rowing a little to rearward. Front and hind margins are
convex, especially the former. The middorsal suture may
be either brown or yellowish. The embossed markings are
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 101
rather low, broad streakings, outcurving to rearward.
Praescutum of meso- and metathorax yellow, behind
which brown predominates on the dorsum. Legs yellow-
ish brown without pattern, but darker near the knees
and on the tarsi. Wings abbreviated, especially in the
male (covering only about half of the abdomen in that
sex) dull brownish, subhyaline, with veins a little deeper
brown. Abdomen yellowish, darkening toward the tip
in the male, and becoming yellowish in the female, with
tails of corresponding colors.
Male. The 9th abdominal segment is prolonged a little
on the ventral side and upcurved, with a pair of narrow
longitudinal folds half the depth of the segment marking
off the sides of the subgenital scoop thus formed. On the
middle of the most convex portion is a circular disc-like
cornicle or hammer which is whitish and bare. The 10th
segment is widely cleft above, the rear angles beside the
cleft are produced into thick, stout genital hooks, that are
first tapering and curving inward, and then linear and
curving forward, their convergent obtuse tips reaching
forward well above the 9th tergite. They are yellowish
at the sides and brownish at their tips.
Female. The subgenital plate is a low, broad, convex
extension of the 8th sternite that reaches hardly one-
fourth way across the 9th sternite. The eggs are broadly
oval with the micropyle at the broad end and a trans-
parent, close-fitting micropylar cap covers almost half
of the egg surface.
Distribution. — Holotype male, allotype female, Yellow-
stone River, Wyoming, Aug. 5, 1921 (F. M. Sallee, in
Cornell University Collection). Paratypes, same locality,
many males and females: Troy, Mont., August (J. C.
Bradley) ; Beaver Creek, Mont., 6,300 ft., Aug., 1913 (S.
J. Hunter).
Perla sabulosa Banks.
(Plate 13, fig. 4.)
1900. Perla sabulosa Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 2fi:242.
1907. Perla sabulosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1907. Perla sabulosa Banks, Can. Ent., 39:328.
Length to wing tips, female, 33 mm. Expanse, female,
58 mm.
Color pale yellowish brown. Head yellow with a diffuse
brownish spot occupying the ocellar triangle and extend-
ing laterally around the frontal tubercles. Ocelli and
eyes about equidistant. Antennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax of uniform yellowish brown color, scarcely
narrowed behind, front angles sharp, hind angles rounded,
102 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
front margin convex. Rugosities rather strong, pattern
irregular. Meso- and metathorax brown, the former with
a pale spot at the front. Legs brown, lighter underneath,
with tarsi darker. Wings very broad, uniformly subhy-
aline. Veins few and interspaces are wide.
Abdomen yellowish brown, darker toward the tip, un-
derneath yellowish except the last three segments. * Tails
brown, covered with fine, short pubescence.
Female. Subgenital plate of the female little devel-
oped, the apex of the 8th sternite scarcely produced, its
margin soft and varying in form according to the extent
of contractions, normally straight but frequently a little
infolded in the middle in a wide apical notch.
Male unknown.
Distribution. — Known only from the type locality, which
is Yakima, Wash.
Perla immarginata Say.
(Plate 19, figs. 7-10; plate 13, fig. 2.)
1823. Perla immarginata Say, Godman's West. Quart. Rept., 2:164.
1861. Perla immarginata Ilagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 20.
1892. Perla immarginata Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1907. Perla immarginata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 1.
1908. Perla immarginata Banks, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., 9:150.
190S. Perla immarginata Banks, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soe., 34:257.
1909. Perla immarginata Klap. Bull. Acad. Boh., 14:13.
1913. Perla immarginata Smith, Ann. Ent. Soe. Am.
1902. Perla fumosa Banks, Can. Ent., 34:123.
1907. Perla fumosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
Length to tip of wings, male, 24-30 mm. ; female, 35-39
mm. Expanse, male, 42-50 mm. ; female, 62-68 mm.
General color dark brown, varied with yellow.
Head a little wider than prothorax, dark brown to
blackish over the ocellar triangle and with black on the
inside of the ocelli ; lateral tubercles large, with a de-
pression in the center ; frontal ridge not prominent ; occi-
put yellowish ; hind ocelli a little closer to each other than
to the eyes, especially in the female ; antennae dark brown
to blackish.
Prothorax brown to blackish ; wider than long, consid-
erably narrowed behind ; disc quite rugose ; angles rather
sharp. Legs brown to blackish. Wings subf umose ; veins
dark brown; subcosta ends just beyond the cord; many
costal crossveins before the end of subcosta as well as
beyond.
Abdomen yellowish ; tails yellowish at base, darker to-
wards the tip, closely beset with short hairs.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 103
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the fifth, the
fifth tergite much produced rearward into a bilobed proc-
ess, with a deep narrow notch between the lobes, the
lobes closely beset with short prickles; tergites 6 to 9
largely membranous ; 6 and 7 smooth, 8 with many
prickles and behind with a small median lobe; the 9th
tergite usually also has a few prickles; the 10th tergite
bears a pair of genital hooks as shown in Plate 19, figures
8 and 10; abdominal sternites 3, 4 and 5 armed with stiff
hairs and 6, 7 and 8 with hairs and prickles ; ninth ster-
nite slightly produced and rounded behind ; subanal lobes
triangular, unmodified. The metasternum bears a patch
of stiff hairs.
Female. The hind margin of the eighth abdominal
sternite slightly produced into a subgenital plate, which is
medially notched as shown in Plate 19, fig. 7.
Distribution. —
New York, Ithaca, March 25 - Sept. 24; Ithaca,
Coy Glen, July 22 ; Keen Valley, Aug. 9, 1889 ;
Wilmington, Essex Co., Aug. 11, 1888; Lud-
lowville, Mt. Whiteface, Aug. 22-24, 1916;
Hamilton Co. ; Ogdensburg, July 18, 1906 ; En-
field, July 25, 1920.
Pennsylvania, Ohio Pyle, Aug. 8, 1905.
New Hampshire, Jackson, Sept. 22 (Owen Bryant).
.Maine, Eagle Lake, Sept. 8, 1907 (J. A. Cush-
man).
Georgia, Tallulah Falls, June 19-26, 1909 (J.
C. Bradley).
North Carolina, Black Mts., June, 1912 Beuten-
miiller) .
Quebec, Chatianguay.
Perla media Walker.
(Plate 13, fig. 3; plate 19, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1852. Perla media Walker, B. M. Cat. Neurop., p. 145.
:S61. Perla media Hagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 24.
1892. Perla media Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1907. Perla media Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1923. Phasganophora media Klap. Coll. Selys, IV, 2:95.
1861. Perla lurida Hagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 21.
1907. Perla lurida Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to tip of wings, male, 20-22 mm. ; female, 26-32
mm. Expanse, male, 35-38 mm. ; female, 45-54 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish, varied with yel-
low.
104- THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Head very little wider than prothorax ; frontal ridge,
lateral tubercles and occiput yellowish, rest of surface
mostly black, deepest black over the ocellar triangle ;
lateral tubercles large, prominent ; hind ocelli closer to
each other than to the eyes ; antennae brown at base,
darker towards the tip.
Prothorax dark brown to blackish ; wider than long,
much narrower behind; front angles acute, hind angles
obtuse; surface quite rugose, the rugosities often lighter
brown. Legs brown. Wings subfumose, veins brown;
subcosta ends at the cord ; a series of costal crossveins
before the end of subcosta and beyond.
Abdomen yellowish, tails yellowish to brown.
Male. Abdominal tergites 1 to 4 normal, the fifth pro-
duced backward into a bilobed process with a broad shal-
low emargination between the lobes which are beset with
many prickles ; tergites 7, 8 and 9 partly membranous
above and medially beset with many prickles ; the tenth
tergite bears a pair of genital hooks, as shown in Plate
19, figure 4 ; ninth abdominal sternite somewhat produced
behind and evenly rounded ; abdominal sternites 2-8 beset
with stiff hairs which are thickest on segments 3-6. There
is also a heavy patch of stiff hairs on the metasternum
and some on the mesosternum. Subanal lobes unmodified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth sternite medially some-
what produced into a bilobed subgenital plate, as shown
in Plate 19, figure 5.
Distribution. —
Quebec, Saguenay River, July 25, 1906 (George
P. Englehardt) ; Ottawa, Sept. 7.
New York. Ithaca, May 31-July; Niagara Falls,
July 12 and July 6 ; Crane Pond, June 25, 1897 ;
Oswego, June 21, 1894; Fulton, June 20, 1890;
Wilmurt, Herkimer Co., June 10 ; Ogdensburg,
July 16, 1906 ; Buffalo, July 9, 1906.
Minnesota, Minneapolis, May 25, 1922 (William
E. Hoffman).
Genus ALLOPERLA Banks.
1906. Alloperla Banks, Ent. News, 17:175.
1907. Alloperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Small yellowish or greenish species, eight to fifteen
mm. long ; with three ocelli ; pronotum transversely oval
or with very broadly rounded angles ; second tarsal seg-
ment very short; wings yellowish to greenish. Head not
much wider than prothorax ; hind ocelli not much closer
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
105
to eyes than to each other; antennae yellow at base and
beyond usually inf uscated ; apical segment of maxillary
palpi very small.
Prothorax mostly transversely oval, i. e. the angles
broadly rounded ; wider than long, often one and one-half
to two times as wide as long; just inside the margin a
groove which is continuous all
around the pronotum; surface
not very rugose; either uni-
formly yellowish or yellowish
with dark markings. Legs yel-
lowish ; usually with a narrow,
transverse dark band at the
end of the femora and the tarsi
usually darker toward the tip.
Wings yellowish or greenish
hyaline (much more pronounced
in living specimens) ; Cu2 of
forewing very short, originat-
ing at a point nearly opposite
the tip of the first anal vein ;
second anal vein of forewing
branched ; no cubital crossveins
in hind wings except the ones
at the end ; subcosta drops
down to radius a considerable
distance before the cord ; sev-
eral costal crossveins before
Fig. is. Aiioperia marginata the end of subcosta and one or
Banks- more beyond ; anal field of hind
wings narrow but with at least two veins.
Abdomen mostly yellowish and usually with a median
dorsal dark stripe which extends to the seventh or eighth
tergite. Cerci or tails quite long, yellowish, hairy.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite cleft; eighth or ninth
tergite often with a raised tubercle; supra-anal process
either upturned or recurved over the abdomen ; ninth ter-
gite, and sometimes eighth, medially depressed to allow
the supra-anal process to lie within the groove thus
formed ; subanal lobes small, unmodified ; ninth abdom-
inal sternite produced and usually somewhat truncate
behind, smooth below.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a variously modified subgenital plate.
Genotype, Sialis imbecilla Say.
106 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Key to the Species of Alloperla.
Males.
1. Tenth tergite with an inward pointing hook each
side at the base of tails; supra-anal process in-
distinct, very short, largely membranous, with
a small rounded knob at tip 2
Tenth tergite without inward pointing hooks at
base of cerci; supra-anal process distinct, us-
ually long and heavily chitinized 3
2. Western species pallidula
Eastern species marginata
3. Eighth abdominal tergite (antepenultimate seg-
ment) with a raised, notched tubercle ; supra-
anal process broadly spatulate; sides of pro-
notum black pacifica
No tubercle on eighth abdominal tergite (though
a tubercle is often present on the anterior mar-
gin of the ninth tergite) 4
4. A distinct, raised chitinous tubercle on the ninth
abdominal tergite (penultimate segment) 5
Ninth abdominal tergite without a distinct raised
tubercle 12
5. Yellowish, with lateral margin of pronotum
blackish, rest of pronotum and head yellowish ;
supra-anal process either very long and slender
or else flattened and evenly rounded at the tip ;
mostly Eastern species 6
Yellowish with the rugosities on prothorax
blackish and with blackish markings on the
head (continua Bks. usually with a dark median
stripe on head and prothorax) supra-anal proc-
ess not long and slender (except boreal is, the
largest species of the genus) 7
6. Supra-anal process very long, slender, upturned
lateralis
Supra-anal process short, flattened, broad, and at
the tip evenly rounded novascotiana
7. Tubercle on ninth tergite deeply notched; supra-
anal process much enlarged beyond the base
and at the apex with a sharply pointed small
process 8
Tubercle on ninth tergite not distinctly or deeply
notched ; supra-anal process rather slender and
without a sharply pointed tooth or process at
the tip 10
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMERICA 107
8. Supra-anal process with a median dorsal carina ;
the lower anterior portion of the supra-anal
process with a slender, spine-like process ; penis
with two, black, chitinized leaf -like appendages
above 9
Supra-anal process flattened above ; at the tip
with a very short, upturned hook (wide in side
view) ; penis without chitinized leaf-life ap-
pendages above coloradensis
9. Median carina of supra-anal process low; penis
with a broad, bilobed, black, chitinized
process above (this process is usually retracted
within the body but can be distinguished
through the ninth abdominal sternite) Jamba
Median carina of supra-anal process low ; penis
with two long, chitinized leaf-like processes
above (these processes are usually not re-
tracted entirely within the body and are usually
seen protruding below the last segment)
albert ensis
10. Prothorax with a dark narrow margin and with
the rugosities blackish ! 11
Prothorax without dark margin but with a me-
dian longitudinal dark stripe; supra-anal proc-
ess binodose, attenuate at the tip continua
11. Ocelli usually connected by a V-shaped dark
mark ; supra-anal process slender, not much en-
larged in the middle and bluntly pointed
boreal is
Ocelli usually not connected by a dark mark; su-
pra-anal process enlarged in middle (dorsal
view) and pointed at the tip fidelis
12. Pronotum with blackish lateral margins ; supra-
anal process flattened, dorso-ventrally ; broadly
spatulate in dorsal view spatulata
Pronotum without blackish lateral margins; su-
pra-anal process not broadly spatulate in dor-
sal view 13
13. Head with a large triangular, blackish, spot over
the ocellar triangle and another one in front of
the anterior ocellus ; pronotum usually with a
broad median blackish line, widened at both
ends; supra-anal process small signata
Head yellowish without any striking dark marks ;
pronotum not with a well defined broad median
dark line 14
108 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
14. Pronotum usually with a median ill denned dark
stripe; ninth abdominal tergite with a sugges-
tion of a tubercle ; supra-anal process very-
broad at base (side view) and with a slender
upturned process at the tip mediana
Entire insect usually pale yellowish or greenish
(except lineosa, which sometimes shows a nar-
row dark line on pronotum) supra-anal process
either slender or very small 15
15. Abdomen with a dorsal dark stripe (in lineosa us-
ually also a narrow dark line on pronotum) ;
western species 16
Entire specimen pale yellowish, without dark
dorsal line on abdomen 17
16. Pronotum usually with a narrow dark line ; eight
to nine mm. long; supra-anal process very
short, with a small chitinized knob at the tip
_ _„ lineosa
Pale yellowish; eleven to fourteen mm. long;
supra-anal process, when extended, quite long
and consisting of a chitinized process sur-
rounded by a membrane, rounded at the tip
pilosa
17. Supra-anal process, raised, ending in a rounded
knob with a serrate anterior margin ; western
species serrata
Supra-anal process not ending in a rounded knob,
and usually not with a serrate anterior margin ;
eastern species 18
18. Supra-anal process very slender, finger-like, grad-
ually tapering to a point imbecilla
Supra-anal process more or less flattened, never
finger-like nanina
Alloperla pallidula Banks.
(Plate 22, figs. 12. 13.)
1904. Chloroperla pallidula Banks, Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc, 30:99.
]907. Alloperla pallidula Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
1918. Alloperla inflrma Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass., 62. No. 1:6.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7-9 mm.; expanse, male,
13-16 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 8-10 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 15-19 mm.
General color pale greenish yellow with lateral margins
of prothorax blackish. Head hardly wider than pro-
thorax ; pale yellow with a little black around the ocelli,
hind ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each other.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 109
Antennae yellow at base, somewhat infuscated towards
the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long ; pale yel-
lowish with narrow dark lateral margins, the dark line
tending to follow completely around the pronotum;
slightly rugose. Legs yellow, tarsi a little darker. Wings
pale greenish hyaline, veins pale.
Abdomen yellow with a broad dark median dorsal
stripe. Cerci yellow.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite broadly cleft; at the
base of the cerci an inward pointing finger-like process;
supra-anal lobe very short, largely membranous and
clothed at the tip with hairs; subanal lobes small, un-
modified; ninth sternite somewhat produced and trun-
cated behind.
Female. The hind margin of the eighth abdominal
sternite produced into a large, broadly rounded, subgenital
plate which extends to the tip of the abdomen.
Distribution. — Type, female No. 11346, Aug., Beulah,
N. Mex. (Banks Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.) ; one female, July 18, 1898, Little Beaver, Colo. ;
one female, July 25, 1914, Graham Mts., Ariz.; many
males and females, Aug., Estes Park, Colo., (P. W. Claas-
sen) ; one male, June 30, 1907, Florissant, Colo. (T. D. A.
Cockerell) ; one male, Aug., Platte Canyon, Colo. (Oslar) ;
males and females, Boulder, Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; one fe-
male, Aug. 19, Eldora, Colo. (T. D. A. C.) ; three males,
two females, June, Olympia, Wash. (Kincaid). ; one male,
two females, Reno, Nev. (Morrison) ; many males and fe-
males, Aug. 1913, Beaver Creek, Mont. (S. J. Hunter) ; one
female, Three Rivers, Calif. (Culbertson) ; four females,
May and June, Humboldt Co., Calif. (H. S. Barber) ; two
males, May 23, 1917, Niles Canyon, Calif. (W. M. Giff-
ard) ; one female, May 17, 1908, Marin Co., Calif. (E. C.
Van Dyke) ; one female, July 15, 1917, Muir Woods,
Marin Co., Calif. (W. M. Giffard) ; one female, June 24,
1920, Nanaimo, B. C. (E. C. Van Dyke) ; three females,
May 21, 1922, San Antonio Creek, Alameda Co., Calif. (B.
C. Cain); two females, Yellowstone Park; two males,
three females, July 9-26, 1923, Waterton Lakes, Alberta,
Canada (J. McDunnough).
This is the western representative of marginata.
110 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Alloperla marginata Banks.
( Plate 22, figs. 10, 11.)
1897. Chloroperla marginata Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:21.
1907. Alloperla marginata Banks, Cat. Neur., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8 mm. ; expanse, male,
14 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 9-10 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 16-18 mm.
General color pale yellowish with the lateral margins
of prothorax usually blackish.
Head hardly wider than prothorax, pale yellow ; ocelli
black; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; an-
tennae yellowish at base, somewhat infuscated towards
the tip; palpi yellow, last segment of maxillary palpi
small.
Prothorax about as wide as head, transversely oval,
wider than long, yellow ; lateral margins usually with
a narrow dark line ; surface somewhat rugose. Legs
yellow, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline with a yellowish
green tinge, veins yellowish ; subcosta reaches to a point
somewhat beyond the middle of the origin of the radial
sector and the cord.
Abdomen yellow with a broad blackish median dorsal
stripe over at least the first seven segments. Cerci yel-
low, closely beset with long hairs.
Male. Supra-anal process represented by a short, broad
membranous lobe which bears at the tip a small round
knob which is thickly clothed with hair; subanal lobes
small triangular, unmodified ; at the base of each cercus
the tenth tergite bears an inward pointing slender proc-
ess; ninth abdominal sternite produced and somewhat
truncate behind.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
as broad as the eighth segment and greatly produced into
an evenly rounded plate which in dried specimens reaches
to the tip of the abdomen.
Distribution.— -Type, female No. 11348, July 6, 1895,
Colden, N. Y. (Banks Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.).
Four males, five females, Aug., Mt. Katahdin, Me. ; one
female, June 20, 1922, Moore's Brook, Ithaca, N. Y. (C. K.
Sibley) ; one female, Milw. Co., Wis. (F. R.) ; one male,
Mt. Greylock, Mass.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 111
Alloperla pacifica Banks.
(Plate 22, figs. 2, 3.)
1895. Chloroperla pacifica Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 22:313.
1907. Alloperla pacifica Banks, Can. Ent., 39:329.
1907. Alloperla pacifica Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-10 mm.; expanse,
male, 16-18 mm., length to tip of wings, female, 11-12
mm. ; expanse, female, 19-21 mm.
General color yellowish with the lateral margins of
pronotum blackish. Head slightly wider than prothorax,
yellowish, a little darker on clypeus; lateral tubercles
and frontal ridge weakly indicated ; a narrow black ring
around the ocelli; hind ocelli a little closer to eyes than
to each other ; antennae yellow, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long; yellow
to yellowish brown ; pronotum with black or dark brown
lateral margins; disc slightly rugose, the rugosities
sometimes a little darker. Legs yellowish, tarsi a little
darker. Wings pale yellowish hyaline, veins yellow to
brownish.
Abdomen yellow with a broad blackish median dorsal
stripe. Cerci yellow.
Male. Anterior margin of eighth abdominal tergite
with a raised, transverse tubercle notched at posterior
margin ; (in pinned specimens this appears to be on the
seventh tergite) tenth tergite deeply and widely cleft;
ninth tergite with a median depression in which the su-
pra-anal process normally lies; supra-anal process re-
curved, flattened and broadly spatulate ; subanal lobes
small, unmodified; ninth sternite somewhat produced and
truncate behind.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite with a broadly
rounded sub-genital plate which in dried specimens ex-
tends over the entire ninth sternite or even on to the
tenth ; the plate normally bulges out considerably in the
center.
Distribution. — Type, female No. 11347, May, Skoko-
mish River, Wash. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.) ; three females, May 2, 14, 18, Bon Accord,
B. C; two females, July 9, 1901, Port Renfrew, B. C, in
Banks Collection ; five females, six males, 1878, Reno,
Nev. (Morrison) ; one female, two males, May 17-29,
Yosemite Valley, Calif. (E. C. Van Dyke) ; one female,
June 14, 1908, Lagunitas, Marin Co., Calif. (E. C. Van
Dyke) ; one female, July 25, 1907, Mt. Jefferson, Oregon
(J. C. Bridwell) ; one female, May 31, Cultis Lake, Chilli-
wock, B. C. (F. C. Ewing).
11*2 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Alloperla lateralis Banks.
(Plate 21, figs. 6, 7.)
1911. Alloperla lateralis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Sop., 37:337.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-11 mm.; expanse,
male, 17-20 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 10.5-13
mm. ; expanse, female, 20-23 mm.
General color yellowish with a narrow black margin
around the pronotum. Head hardly wider than pro-
thorax; pale yellowish with a little black around the
ocelli ; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles weak ; hind
ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each other; an-
tennae yellowish at base becoming dark towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, almost twice as wide as
long; pronotum with a narrow blackish margin all
around ; surface somewhat rugose, the rugosities a little
reddish or brownish. Legs yellow, tarsi a little darker.
Wings yellowish or greenish hyaline; veins greenish yel-
low.
Abdomen yellowish, with a broad blackish median dor-
sal stripe. Cerci yellowish, a little darker towards the tip.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite broadly and deeply
cleft, the lobes each side bearing long hairs ; ninth ter-
gite much depressed posteriorly and on the anterior
margin with two raised rounded knobs or tubercles; su-
pra-anal process recurved, long and slender with the tip
turned up ; subanal lobes small, unmodified ; ninth sternite
produced and truncate behind. In its normal position the
tip of the abdomen is somewhat turned up and tergites
eight, nine and ten are telescoped together with the su-
pra-anal process completely hidden in the cleft portion of
nine and ten.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
narrowly and triangularly produced so that normally the
tip of the plate extends to the tip of the abdomen ; plate
normally with a median longitudinal ridge.
Distribution.— -Type, female No. 11354, May, Black Mts.,
N. C. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ;
cotypes, three females, one male, same locality as type ;
one male, one female, June 13, Gloversville, N. Y. ; two
females, June 25, Woodworth Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. —
All in Banks's Coll. Four males, May 20-25, 1911, Black
Rock Mt., Raban Co., Ga. (J. C. Bradley) ; males and fe-
males, May and June, Ithaca, N. Y. ; one female, June 10,
De Ruyter, N. Y. ; one female, June 23, 1910, Woodworth
Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. (C. P. Alexander) ; two males,
June 13, 1910, Gloversville, N. Y. (C. P. A.) ; males and
females, June, Danby, N. Y. ; one female, June 12, Ram-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 113
apo, N. Y. ; one female, June 11, 1915, Mix Creek Valley,
Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.; one male, two females, June 26,
Mt. Tom, Mass. (C. W. Johnson) ; one female, July 20,
Bar Harbor, Me. (C. W. Johnson) ; one female, July 11,
1908, Mt. Ascutney, Vt. (C. W. J.) ; one male, July 17, 1875
Mt. Washington, N. H. (Geo. Dimmock) ; one female, July
28, 1915, Mt. Washington, N. H. (C. W. J.) ; one female,
June 20, Jaffrey, N. H. (C. W. J.) ; two females, June 10,
1920, Mt. Monadnock, N. H. (C. W. J.) ; one female, June
11, 1916, Glen House, N. H. (C. W. J.) ; one female, June
24, 1913, Bretton Woods, N. H. (C. W. J.) ; two males,
July 17, Kaslo, B. C. (R. P. Currie).
Alloperla novascotiana, new species.
(Plate 22, fig. 1.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 10 mm.; expanse, male,
17 mm.
General color yellow, the prothorax with a dark mar-
gin. Head a little wider than prothorax ; yellow with an
infuscated mark connecting the ocelli and exending over
the clypeus; a dark area behind the eyes; ocelli with a
black crescent on the inside ; hind ocelli closer to the eyes
than to each other; antennae yellow at the base, infus-
cated towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, nearly twice as wide as
long ; yellow with a narrow dark brown margin ; surface
slightly rugose, the rugosities somewhat darker. Legs
yellow, tarsi a little darker at the tip. Wings greenish
hyaline, veins greenish yellow.
Abdomen yellow with a brown median dorsal stripe and
with the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites
darker. Cerci yellow at base, infuscated towards the tip.
Male. Tenth tergite broadly cleft; anterior margin of
ninth tergite with a transverse, raised, chitinous, tubercle
which is slightly emarginate ; supra-anal process widened
into an almost evenly rounded lobe (pestle-shaped as
viewed from above) ; subanal lobes small, unmodified ;
ninth sternite produced and truncate behind.
Female unknown.
Holotype male, Truro, Nova Scotia, July 4, 1913 (R,
Matheson, Cornell University Collection).
Alloperla coloradensis Banks.
(Plate 22, figs. 4, 5.)
1S9S. Chloroperla coloradensis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 25:199.
1907. Alloperla coloradensis Banks, Can. Ent., 39:328.
1907. Alloperla coloradensis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8-9 mm.; expanse, male,
114 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
14-16 mm.; length to tip of wings, female, 10-11 mm.; ex-
panse, female, 18-20 mm.
General color yellow with dark spots on head, with the
margin and rugosities of pronotum dark brown and with
abdomen brown.
Head hardly wider than prothorax; yellowish, with a
V-shaped dark mark connecting the ocelli; frontal ridge
and lateral tubercles dark and a dark patch behind the
eyes. The dark marks on the head are often interrupted
so that the head appears to have six or more dark spots.
Hind ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each other;
antennae yellowish at the base, blackish towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, almost twice as wide as
long ; yellow, with a narrow blackish margin and with the
rugosities blackish. The blackish margin is -usually in-
terrupted in the median portion both in front and behind.
Legs yellowish, tarsi a little darker. Wings yellowish
brown, veins brown.
Abdomen brown, with darker median dorsal stripe.
Cerci yellowish brown.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite broadly and deeply
cleft ; ninth tergite with a depressed area behind and near
the front margin with raised chitinous process which is
triangularly notched; supra-anal process recurved, flat-
tened above and at the tip with a short, sharply upturned
hook; the greatest width (viewed from above) of the
supra-anal process equals about half its length; subanal
lobes small, unmodified ; penis, when extruded, entirely
membranous, without black chitinized lobes or processes ;
ninth abdominal sternite produced and truncate behind.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth sternite produced
somewhat triangularly and broadly truncate behind or
even slightly emarginate behind ; center and hind margin
of plate beset with stout hairs.
Distribution. — Type, female No. 113 5 0, Colorado
(Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Cambridge, Mass.) ; two
females, Aug. 3, one male, two females, July 29, Tolland,
Colo. ; two females, Aug. 22, Boulder, Colo. ; one male,
July 25, Bluebird, Colo. ; many males and females, Boul-
der, Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; one male, June 3, 1879, Mani-
tou, Colo.; one female, Aug. 3, 1921, Estes Park, Colo.
(P. W. Claassen) ; one male, June 20, 1906, Big Blackfoot
River, Potomac, Mont. ; two males July 4, 1908, Emerald
Lake, Canadian Rockies (J. C. Bradley) ; one female,
July 11, Beulah, N. Mex.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 115
Alloperla lamba, new species.
(Plate 14, fig. 4; plate 22, figs. 8, 9.)
Length to tip of wings, female, 9-10 mm.; expanse,
male, 16-18 mm. Length to tip of wings, female, 10.5-12
mm.; expanse, female, 18.5-21 mm.
General color very similar to color adensis, yellow, with
dark spots on head, with the margin and rugosities of
pronotum dark and with abdomen dark brown.
Head hardly wider than prothorax ; yellow with a dark
V-shaped mark connecting the ocelli, with the frontal M-
ridge, the lateral tubercles and clypeus dark brown ; also
a dark spot behind the eye. (There is quite a little varia-
tion in the size of these dark markings.) Hind ocelli a
little closer to the eyes than to each other ; antennae yel-
low at the base, blackish toward the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, almost twice as wide as
long ; yellow with a narrow blackish margin and with the
rugosities dark brown. Legs yellowish to brownish, tarsi
darker at the tip. Wings greenish to slightly brownish
infuscated, veins mostly brown. Meso- and metanotum
dark brown.
Abdomen brown, with a darker median dorsal stripe
and with the posterior margins of the tergites darker.
Cerci yellowish or light brown.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite widely and deeply cleft ;
ninth tergite quite deeply emarginate behind and on the
anterior margin with a transverse raised, triangularly
notched tubercle; supra-anal process recurved, nearly
three times as long as its greatest width (dorsal view),
with a dorsal, median, membranous carina; at the tip
with a slender, slightly upturned, process which orig-
inates from the lower anterior portion of the supra-anal
process ; penis at the tip bilobed and near the base with
a dorsal bilobed, flattened, black, longitudinally stri-
ated appendage which is wider than long (when the penis
is retracted this chitinized lobe can usually be seen from
below through the ninth abdominal sternite) ; subanal
lobes small, unmodified; ninth sternite produced and
truncate behind.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth sternite somewhat
triangularly produced and behind broadly rounded;
clothed with long hairs.
Holotype male, allotype female, Aug. 3, 1921, Fern
Lake, Estes Park, Colo. (P. W. Claassen, Cornell Uni-
versity Collection). Paratvpes, 33 males, 34 females,
Aug. 3, 1921, Fern Lake, Estes Park, Colo. (P. W. C.) ;
116 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
one male, Vesta Pass, Colo. ; males and females, Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodds).
Alloperla albertensis, new species.
(Plate 22, figs. 6, 7.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5-9 mm. ; expanse, male,
15-16 mm. Length to tip of wings, female, 9.5-11 mm. ;
expanse, female, 17-19 mm.
General color of head and prothorax yellow with dark
markings, abdomen dark brown, wings greenish hyaline.
Similar to coloradensis and lamba. Head about as wide as
prothorax, yellow, with dark marks at the ocelli (tending
to form a V-shaped mark which connects the ocelli) ; lat-
eral tubercles, frontal ridge and two spots on clypeus
dark ; a dark spot behind the eye ; hind ocelli a little closer
to the eyes than to each other; antennae yellow at base,
blackish towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, almost twice as wide as
long ; yellow, with a narrow blackish margin and with the
rugosities blackish ; legs yellowish, tarsi a little darker
toward the tip. Wings yellowish to greenish hyaline;
veins yellowish to light brown. Meso- and metanotum
blackish.
Abdomen blackish ; cerci yellow, somewhat inf uscated
towards the tip.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite very broadly and deeply
cleft, ninth tergite with a large sunken area ; on the front
margin of the ninth tergite a raised chitinous tubercle
or process narrowly notched behind ; supra-anal process
recurved, somewhat concave above with a low median
carina, somewhat spatulate at the tip, with a slender
slightly upturned, spine-like, process which originates
from the lower anterior part of the supra-anal process;
penis with two finger-like membranous lobes at the tip
and with two smaller lobes below, dorsally near the base
of the penis two large, black, longitudinally striated leaf-
like appendages; subanal lobes small, unmodified; ninth
sternite produced and truncate behind.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
somewhat angulately produced, with the hind margin
somewhat truncate and normally extending entirely
across the ninth sternite or even partly onto ten. Plate
is very similar to subgenital plate in coloradensis but not
clothed with such stout hairs.
Distribution. — Holotype male, allotype female, July 6,
1923, Waterton Lakes, Alberta, Canada (J. McDunnough,
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 117
in Canadian Entomological Collection, Ottawa, Canada).
Paratypes 6 males and 14 females, July 6-14, 1923, Wa-
terton Lakes, Alberta, Canada (J. McDunnough).
Alloperla continua Banks.
(Plate 21, figs. 11, 12.)
1911. Alloperla continua Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37:336.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-10.5 mm. ; expanse,
male, 16-18 mm., length to tip of wings, female, 11-12
mm. ; expanse, female, 19-21 mm.
General color yellowish with a darker median stripe ex-
tending over head, prothorax and abdomen.
Head very little wider than prothorax, yellowish with a
brown area over the ocellar triangle and over the clypeus ;
hind ocelli about as close to the eyes as to each other ; an-
tennae yellowish at base, darker towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long ; yellowish
with a broad dark median stripe whose margins are not
very clearly defined ; disc of pronotum slightly rugose.
Legs yellowish, tarsi darker. Wings greenish hyaline,
veins greenish yellow.
Abdomen yellowish with a broad median dorsal dark
stripe. Cerci yellowish, somewhat darker toward the tip.
Male. Anterior margin of ninth abdominal tergite with
a raised transverse recurved tubercle ; supra-anal process
slightly emarginate behind ; tenth tergite broadly cleft,
ninth with a median depression in which the supra-anal
process normally lies; subanal lobes small, unmodified;
ninth sternite somewhat produced and truncate behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broadly triangular subgenital plate which
normally extends more than half way across the ninth
tergite and is evenly rounded behind.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11349, June 17, San
Gabriel Mts., Calif.; cotypes, one female, June 15, San
Gabriel Mts., Calif. ; one male, mountains near Claremont,
Calif. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.) ; one male, June 11, 1923, San Antonio Canyon,
near Claremont, Calif. (Theresa Robinson) ; two males,
three females, June 6-12, Keen Camp, Riverside Co., Calif.
(E. P. Van Duzee).
The specimens from Keen Camp, Riverside Co., Calif.,
are darker in color but structurally they agree with the
description.
118 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Alloperla borealis Banks.
(Plate 14, fig. 1; plate 21, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
1895. Chloroperla borealis Banks, Trans. Amer. Hut. Soc, 22:313.
1907. Alloperla borealis, Banks, ('an. Ent., 39:329.
1907. Alloperla borealis Banks, Cat. Neur., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11-14 mm. ; expanse, male,
20-27 mm.; length to tip of wings, female, 13-16 mm.; ex-
panse, female, 24-29 mm.
The largest species of this genus.
General color yellowish brown with greenish wings.
Head very little wider than prothorax; vellow with a
blackish V-shaped mark over the ocellar triangle, and
with a brown or blackish mark in front of the anterior
ocellus ; lateral tubercles brown ; a brownish spot behind
the eye; hind ocelli a little closer to eyes than to each
other ; antennae fuscous, more yellowish at base.
Prothorax transversely oval, much wider than long;
yellowish with a narrow blackish margin which extends
around the entire pronotum ; disc of pronotum with dark
brown or blackish raised tubercles in the form of broken
longitudinal lines, and leaving a broad median yellowish
field which is about one-sixth as wide as the entire pro-
notum. Legs brown, tarsi darker. Wings greenish yel-
low ; veins brown except subcosta which is yellowish ; sub-
costa does not reach to the cord ; five to seven costal cross-
veins before the end of subcosta and two to four beyond.
Abdomen brown ; cerci yellowish, darker toward the tip.
Male. The anterior margin of the ninth abdominal ter-
gite with a narrow, transverse, raised tubercle; supra-
anal process recurved, slender, tapering to a blunt point
and normally with its tip under the tubercle of tergite
nine, tenth tergite cleft and each side with long hairs;
ninth tergite emarginate behind and clothed with long
hairs; subanal lobes small, unmodified; ninth abdominal
sternite somewhat produced and rather truncate behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a triangular subgenital plate with a broad
squarish median notch at the tip; median area of eighth
sternite raised into a circular ridge which tapers to a
point at the notch of the subgenital plate.
Distribution.— Type, female, No. 11352, March 27,
Olympia, Wash., Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass. ; two females April 29, two males May 9,
one male May 1, one male May 2, Bon Accord, B. C. ; two
females, June 17, 1901, Banff, Alberta; one male, June 22,
1901, Port Renfrew, B. C. All these are in Banks Collec-
tion. 4 males, 4 females, July, 1923, Waterton Lakes, Al-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 119
berta, Can., J. McDunnough ; 3 females, July 4, 1908,
Emerald Lake, Can. Rockies (J. C. Bradley) ; 1 female,
July 19, 1908, Prairie Hills, Selkirk Mts., B. C. (J. C. B.) ;
1 female, Aug. 23, 1902, Laggan, B. C; 1 female, March
1923, Terrace, B. C. (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley) ; 1 female,
July 1-3, 1913, Maligne Lake, Alberta, Can. ; 1 female,
July 12-18, Carbonate to Prairie Hills, B. C. (J. C. B.) ;
1 female, June 24, 1920, Nanaimo, B. C. (E. C. Van Dyke) ;
1 male, April 11, 1898, Seattle, Wash. (Kincaid) ; 1 female,
June 15, 1897, Olympia, Wash. (Kincaid) ; 2 males, 2 fe-
males, Aug. 15, 1908, Three Bros. Mts., Olympic Range,
Wash. (J. C. B.) ; 3 females, May 15-19, Felton, St. Cruz
Mts., Calif. (J. C. B.) ; 3 females, May 26, 1903, Field-
brook, Calif. (H. S. Barber) ; 1 female, April 18, 1920,
Beron Valley, Marin Co., Calif. (C. L. Cox) ; many males
and females, Boulder, Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; 1 male, Au-
gust 27, South Park, Colo. (Oslar) ; 1 female, July 22, Ge-
neva Park, Grant, Colo. (L. O. Jackson) ; 1 female, July
24, Geneva Park, Grant, Colo. (F. C. Jackson) .
Alloperla fidelis Banks.
(Plate 21, figs. 8, 9, 10.)
1920. Alloperla fidelis Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:323.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-11 mm.; expanse, male,
15-18 mm. Length to tip of wings, female, 11-14 mm. ;
expanse, female, 18-23 mm.
General color greenish yellow, pronotum with a narrow
black border and with the rugosities usually brown.
Head slightly wider than prothorax; yellow with the
clypeus slightly infuscated and the area back of the eyes
sometimes a little darker ; a black ring around the ocelli ;
lateral tubercles and frontal ridge also a little darker as
a rule; hind ocelli very little closer to the eyes than to
each other. Antennae yellow at base, fuscous beyond.
Prothorax transversely oval, nearly twice as wide as
long ; yellow with a narrow dark brown or blackish border,
which in some specimens is restricted mostly to the lat-
eral margins of the pronotum ; surface moderately brown
with longitudinal interrupted lines. Legs yellow, tarsi
darker. Wings greenish hyaline, veins greenish. Ab-
domen yellow, with a broad median dark dorsal band.
Cerci yellow, somewhat infuscated towards the tip.
Male. Near the anterior margin of the ninth abdomi-
nal tergite a transverse raised chitinous tubercle which is
broadly emarginate at the tip ; tenth tergite broadly bifid,
with a median depressed area; supra-anal process re-
120 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
curved, narrowly spatulate, and narrower behind ; sub-
anal lobes small, unmodified ; ninth sternite somewhat
produced and truncate behind.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite with a subgenital
plate which is normally produced over about two-thirds
of the ninth sternite, bilobed at the tip and between these
two lobes usually another small median lobe ; the median
area of the plate with a bulge or ridge.
Distribution.— Type, female, No. 10823, June 24, 1915,
Great Alpine Creek, Tahoe, Calif. (Banks Coll. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.). A number of males and
females, July and Aug., 1923, Moraine Lake, Alberta, Can-
ada (J. McDunnough) ; three females, July 6-12, 1923,
Waterton Lakes, Alberta, Canada (J. McDunnough) ; one
female, Aug. 18, 1916, Mont. Exp. Sta., Crazy Mts., Mont.;
three females, one male, July 15, 1913, Gallatin Co.,
Mont. ; one male, two females, July 12-18, 1908, Carbonate
to Prairie Hills, B. C. (J. C. Bradley) ; two females 11-7,
1903, Ainsworth, B. C. (R. P. Currie) ; one male, three fe-
males, July 19, 1908, Prairie Hills, Selkirk Mts., B. C.
Very closely allied to borealis.
Alloperla spatulata, new species.
(Plate 21, fijjs. 13, 14.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5-9 mm. ; expanse, male,
15-16 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 9-10 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 18-21 mm.
General color pale yellow with broad black lateral mar-
gins on prothorax.
Head a little wider than prothorax, pale yellow with a
little black around the ocelli and sometimes an infuscated
area on the clypeus ; hind ocelli just a little closer to the
eyes than to each other; antennae yellowish at the base,
becoming more infuscated towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval ; wider than long ; yellow,
with broad dark brown or black lateral margins ; this dark
band extends around the angles and then tapers down to
a point ; surface slightly rugose ; legs pale yellow, tarsi a
little darker. Wings greenish hyaline ; veins pale.
Abdomen yellowish with a broad median dark dorsal
stripe. Setae pale yellow.
Male. Supra-anal process recurved, broadly spatulate,
tenth tergite broadly cleft ; ninth tergite with a deep me-
dian depression in which the supra-anal process normally
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 121
small transverse tubercle; subanal lobes small, unmodi-
fied.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broadly rounded subgenital plate which
normally extends about half way across the ninth ster-
nite.
Holotype male, allotype female, June 11, 1923, San An-
tonio Canyon, near Claremont, Calif. (Theresa Robinson,
in Cornell University Coll.).
Paratypes, three males, three females, from same lo-
cality.
Alloperla signata Banks.
(Plate 20, figs. 5, 6.)
1895. Chloroperla signata Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 22:314.
1907. Alloperla signata Banks, Cat. Neur., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7-8 mm. ; expanse, male,
12-14 mm.; length to tip of wings, female, 8.5-11 mm.;
expanse, female, 15-18 mm.
General color yellow with two blackish spots on the
head and a broad blackish stripe on the prothorax.
Head slightly wider than prothorax ; a black, somewhat
triangular spot covering the ocellar triangle and a smaller
triangular black spot in front of the ocellar triangle with
its apex reaching almost to the front ocellus ; remainder
of head pale yellow; hind ocelli a little closer to the eyes
than to each other ; antennae yellowish at base, brown be-
yond; palpi brown, the- apical segment very small, es-
pecially in the maxillary palpi.
Prothorax wider than long ; disc transversely oval ; yel-
low, usually with a broad median anchor-shaped blackish
stripe, widened at both ends but more so in front than
behind; sides of disc somewhat rugulose; legs yellowish,
tarsi brownish, wings hyaline with a greenish yellow
tinge ; subcosta very faint, reaching to a point half way
between the origin of the radial sector and the cord.
Abdomen brownish with a broad median interrupted
dark stripe. Cerci yellow, darker toward the tip, especial-
ly the tips of the individual segments.
Male. Supra-anal lobe consists of a very short, brown,
upturned, bluntly pointed process, minutely granulate;
subanal lobes very small, triangular; ninth abdominal
sternite prolonged beyond the tip of the abdomen ; tenth
abdominal segment partly cleft above and almost wholly
withdrawn into segment nine ; penis beset with stout
hairs at the tip.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
122 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
produced into a large rounded subgenital plate which
normally reaches across the entire ninth sternite. In
some of the females the hind margin of the plate is
slightly emarginate while in others it is evenly rounded.
Distribution. — Type No. 11351, female, Pullman, Wash.
(Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; one
male, Pullman, Wash. ; one male, one female, June 22, one
male, six females, July 14-15, Florissant, Colo. ; two males,
June 8, Troublesome, Colo. (S. A. Rohwer). All these in
Banks' Collection. Many males and females, Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodd) ; one female, June 1, Platte Canon,
Colo. (Dyar and Caudell).
Alloperla mediana Banks.
(Plate 21, figs. 4, 5.)
1911. Alloperla mediana Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37:336.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-11 ; expanse, male, 16-19
mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 10-12.5 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 18-22 mm.
General color pale yellow, with a more or less distinct,
brown median stripe on pronotum and a dark stripe on
abdomen.
Head a little wider than prothorax, pale yellow with a
little blackish around the ocelli; hind ocelli a little closer
to eyes than to each other ; antennae yellow at base, dark
brown or blackish toward the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, half again as wide as
long; yellow, usually with a broad median dark stripe
which tends to fade out toward the margins ; surface of
pronotum not very rugose; legs yellow, tarsi a little
darker at the tip; wings yellowish or greenish hyaline,
veins yellowish.
Abdomen yellow, with a wide, dark, median, dorsal
band. Cerci yellow, a little darker toward the tip.
Male. Tenth abdominal te.rgite broadly and deeply
cleft; ninth tergite usually without a distinct median
raised tubercle although in some of the males there ap-
pears to be a small tubercle present. Supra-anal process
recurved, flattened laterally, at the base very broad (side
view) with a slender, upturned process at the tip ; subanal
lobes small, unmodified ; ninth sternite produced and al-
most evenly rounded behind.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth sternite somewhat
triangularly produced and behind broadly truncate ; the
plate often shows a median raised area.
This species is quite closely allied to lateralis.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 123
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11355, May, Black
Mountains, N. C. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.). Paratypes, males and females, same lo-
cality (Banks Coll.) ; males and females, May 18, 1923,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; one male, one female, May 13, Clinton, N.
Y. (P. B. Powell) ; one male, May 21, 1922, Enfield Falls,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; one male, May 27, 1922, Ithaca, N. Y. ; one
male, June 22, Niagara Falls, N. Y. ; two females, July 11,
1917, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. (C. J. Drake) ; two males,
one female, May 23, Newport, N. Y. ; two females, June
28, Bashbish Falls, Mass. (C. W. Johnson) ; two males,
May 26, Walpole, Mass. (C. W. Johnson) ; one male,
one female, 1908, Millsville, N. S.
Alloperla lineosa Banks.
(Plate 20, figs. 10, 11.)
191S. Alloperla lineosa Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62:7.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8 mm. ; expanse, male, 13
mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 8.5-9 mm. ; expanse,
female, 14-15 mm.
General color pale yellow with a narrow median dark
line on pronotum.
Head about as wide as prothorax; pale yellow; hind
ocelli very little closer to the eyes than to each other ; an-
tennae pale yellow, slightly infuscated towards the tip.
Prothorax pale yellow with a median narrow dark line
which follows the transverse groove somewhat in front
and behind, so as to be in the form of an I ; each side of
the narrow black line the area is somewhat infuscated;
the pronotum transversely oval, wider than long ; surface
only slightly rugose. Legs yellow, tarsi a little darker.
Wings pale greenish hyaline with yellowish veins.
Abdomen yellow, with a median dark dorsal stripe.
Cerci yellow.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite broadly and deeply
cleft ; supra-anal lobe recurved, short, at the tip with a
flattened chitinized knob;subanal lobes small, unmodified;
ninth sternite somewhat produced and truncate behind.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite with a large sub-
genital plate, which normally extends over segment nine
and part of ten, very broadly emarginate behind.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 10048, Aug. 20, 1914,
Grant, Colo. (Banks' Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.) ; one male, one female, July 20, 1921, Yellowstone
National Park; eight females, Tolland, Colo. (G. S.
Dodds) .
124 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Alloperla pilosa, new species.
(Plate 20, Bgs. 7, 8, 9.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 11-13 mm. ; expanse, male,
18-21 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 12-14 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 20-23 mm.
General color pale yellow.
Head very little wider than prothorax, pale yellow;
hind ocelli about as close to eyes as to each other; anten-
nae yellow, infuscated towards the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long, uniform-
ly yellow, somewhat rugose. Legs yellow. Wings yellow-
ish hyaline, veins yellowish.
Abdomen yellow with a broad, median, dorsal stripe.
Cerci yellow.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite deeply cleft ; supra-anal
lobe retractile, flattened dorso-ventrally ; when fully ex-
panded it shows a median brown chitinized rod sur-
rounded by a membranous sheath to within a short dis-
tance of the tip; subanal lobes small, unmodified; ninth
abdominal sternite produced and truncate behind. Ninth
and tenth tergites with long hairs.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth sternite broad at
the base and then somewhat narrowed and triangularly
produced so that the tip normally reaches almost en-
tirely across the ninth sternite.
Distribution. — Holotype male, allotype female, Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodds, in Cornell University Collection).
Paratypes, three males and one female, same locality ;
one male, one female, Aug. 27, 1914, Platte Canon, Colo.
(Oslar).
Alloperla serrata, new species.
(Plate 20, figs. 12, 13.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-9.5 mm. ; expanse, male,
16-17 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 11 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 18 mm.
General color greenish yellow with greenish wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax, greenish yellow ;
ocelli surrounded by a dark ring, more prominent in the
hind ocelli ; hind ocelli about as close to eyes as to each
other; antennae yellow at base, infuscated towards the
tip.
Prothorax wider than long, almost transversely oval,
the angles very broadly rounded ; greenish yellow ; sur-
face somewhat rugose. Legs yellow, wings greenish hy-
aline, veins greenish.
Abdomen yellowish. Cerci yellowish.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 12.5
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite cleft ; ninth tergite con-
siderably humped; supra-anal process short, with a flat-
tened rounded knob at the tip whose front margin is
finely serrate ; subanal lobes small, unmodified ; ninth ster-
nite produced and truncate behind.
Female. Median portion of the hind margin of the
eighth abdominal sternite produced into a small triangu-
lar subgenital plate.
Distribution. — Holotype male, allotype female, Aug. 5,
1923, Moraine Lake, Alberta, Canada (J. McDunnough,
in the Canadian Entomological Collection, Ottawa, Can-
ada).
Paratypes, one male, two females, from the same lo-
cality ; one male, July 7, Waterton Lakes, Alberta, Canada
(J. McDunnough) ; two males, Aug. 9, 1905, Downie
Creek, Selkirk, Mts., B. C. (J. C. Bradley).
Very similar to A. nanina Bks.
Alloperla imbecilla Say.
(Plate 20, figs. 1, 2.))
1823. Sialis imbecilla Say, West. Quart. Rept., p. 165.
1861. Perla imbecilla Hagen, Syn. Neurop. X. A., p. 31.
1906. Alloperla imbecilla Banks, Ent. News, 17:17.5.
1907. Alloperla imbecilla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8-9 mm. ; expanse, male,
13-15 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 9.5 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 16 mm. ■
General color pale yellowish green.
Head a little wider than prothorax; pale yellow; ocelli
black ; hind ocelli a little closer to eyes than to each other ;
antennae pale yellow.
Prothorax a little wider than long; almost oval, the
front angles very broadly rounded, hind angles narrowly
rounded ; uniformly pale yellowish ; slightly rugose. Legs
pale yellow ; wings pale hyaline, veins pale.
Abdomen pale yellowish, cerci pale yellow.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite bifid ; supra-anal process
recurved, slender, gradually tapering to a point, normally
reaching under the hind margin of the ninth tergite ; sub-
anal lobes small, unmodified; ninth abdominal sternite
produced and rounded behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
with the median portion produced into a narrow tongue-
like subgenital plate.
Distribution.— Burton, Ga., May 21, 1911 (J. C. Brad-
ley) ; Newfield, N. Y., June 5 ; Sport Island, Sacandaga R.,
126' THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
N. Y., June 17; Alcohol Brook, Adirondack Lodge, N. Y.,
July 1, 1923 ; Mt. Desert, Me., June 10, 1921 (C. W. John-
son).
Alloperla nanina Banks.
(Plate 20, figs. 3, 4.)
]9J1. Alloperla nm ina Hanks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 37:366.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7.5-9.5 mm. ; expanse,
male, 13-16 mm.; length to tip of wings, female, 9-11
mm. ; expanse, female, 15-19 mm.
General color pale yellow with greenish wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax, yellow or greenish ;
hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other; antennae
yellow at base, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long; yellow
with the median portion sometimes a little darker; sur-
face very slightly rugose. Legs yellowish, tarsi darker
towards the tip. Wings greenish hyaline ; veins green-
ish yellow.
Abdomen pale greenish, without a dark dorsal stripe.
Cerci yellowish, a little darker towards the tip.
Male. Tenth abdominal tergite cleft; ninth tergite
pushed forward so as to appear deeply emarginate be-
hind; supra-anal process recurved, flattened dorso-ven-
trally, the apical margin serrate or closely beset with
spines and at the tip and above just before the tip with
a bunch of hairs; subanal lobes small, unmodified; ninth
sternite produced and somewhat truncate behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
centrally produced into a narrow tongue-like sub-genital
plate, which normally reaches entirely across the ninth
sternite.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11343, May, Black
Mts., N. C. (Banks Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.) ; paratypes, two males, four females, May,
Black Mts., N. C. (Banks Coll.). Many males and fe-
males, May, June and July, Ithaca, N. Y. ; one male, July
5, 1923, Oxford, N. Y. ; males and females, July 1-2, 1923,
West Branch, Ausable River, Essex Co., N. Y. ; two males,
two females, July 2, 1923, Elizabethtown, N. Y. ; one male,
one female, July 1, 1923, Adirondack Lodge, N. Y. ; one
male, May 18-26, 1911, Clayton, Ga. (J. C. Bradley) ;
many males and females, June 13-26, 1913, Truro, N. S.
(R. Matheson).
There seems to be some variation in the structure of
the small chitinized tip of the supra-anal process of the
male. In some of the males the tip is rounded and
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 127
smooth, in others the tip is sharply pointed and smooth,
while in still others there is a small semi-membranous, bi-
lobed process at the tip of the supra-anal process. All of
these specimens agree in coloring, in size and in other
structural characters, and we do not feel that the slight
differences in structure at the tip of the supra-anal proc-
ess justify separating them into species.
Genus CHLOROPERLA Newman.
1836. Chloroperla Newman, Ent. Mag., 3:50.
1841. Isopteryx Pietet Ins. Neurop., p. 301.
1861. Isopteryx Hagen, Syn. N. A., p. 31.
1892. Isopteryx Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 342.
1907. Chloroperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
1909. Chloroperla Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:388.
Small pale greenish species 6-9 mm. long. In life bright
green. Hind wings without a folded anal area. Closely
allied to Alloperla Banks.
Head a little wider than prothorax; pale yellowish
green ; three small black ocelli ; hind ocelli closer to the
eyes than to each other. Antennae pale at base, inf uscated
towards the tip. Apical segment of palpi slender and
small.
Prothorax transversely oval, uniformly pale or green-
ish ; subrugulose. Legs pale, tips of tarsi blackish ; first
and second tarsal segments very short, subequal, third
tarsal segment long. Wings greenish hyaline, veins pale ;
subcosta ends much before the cord ; several costal cross-
veins before end of subcosta and one beyond ; radial sec-
tor with two branches in the forewing and one in the
hind wing; second cubital vein of forewing short and
downcurved; second anal vein of forewing branched;
hind wing without a folded anal field.
Abdomen pale. Caudal setae pale, short, with about 8
segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind; tenth abdominal tergite partly cleft;
supra-anal process composed of a short upturned trian-
gular lobe ; subanal lobes small, unmodified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a rounded subgenital plate.
Genotype, Chloroperla apicalis Newman, of Europe.
The genus is represented by only one species that is
generally distributed over North America.
128 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Chloroperla cydippe Newman.
i Plate 11. fig. 6; plate 23, figs. 1-3. 1
]839. Clihjrii/H rht cydippt Newman, Mag. Nat. Bist., 3:88.
1842. Isopteryx cydippt Pictet, Inc. Neurop., \>. 3 17.
L852. Perla cydippt Walker, Gat., p. 168.
L861. Isopteryx cydippt Eagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 31.
1892. Isopti i- 1 i.r cydippe Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1904. Isopteryx cydippe Hanks. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Chloroperla cydippe Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1895. Chloroperla brevis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 22:314.
1907. Alloperla brevis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5-7.5 mm. ; female, 8-9
mm.; expanse, male, 12-13 mm.; female, 14-16 mm.
General color yellowish green, bright green in life.
Head a little wider than prothorax; pale yellowish
green ; three small black ocelli, the hind ocelli closer to
the eyes than to each other. Antennae pale at base, in-
fuscated towards the tip. Apical segment of palpi short.
Prothorax transversely oval ; angles much rounded ;
uniformly pale ; subrugulose. Legs pale ; tips of tarsi
blackish. Wings greenish hyaline, veins pale ; subcosta
ends much before the cord; several crossveins before the
end of subcosta and one beyond ; second anal vein of fore-
wing branched ; second cubital vein of f orewing short,
downcurved and originating opposite the tip of first anal
vein ; hind wing without a folded anal field ; radial sector
with two branches in forewing, unbranched in hind wing.
Abdomen pale. Caudal setae pale, short, with about 8
segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
evenly rounded behind ; tenth abdominal tergite partly
cleft ; supra-anal process modified into a very short, some-
what triangular, recurved process ; subanal lobes small,
unmodified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broad, rounded subgenital plate which
normally extends over most of the ninth sternite.
Distribution.— Georgia, Clayton, May 18-23, 1911 (J. C.
Bradley) ; Burton, May 21, 1909. North Carolina. Mary-
land, Beltsville, May 2, 1915 (W. L. McAtee). Maim:,
Echo Lake, Mt. Desert, July 12 (C. W. Johnson) ; Orono,
May. New Hampshire, Durham. Pennsylvania, Harris-
burg, May 9-15; Montgomery Co., May 26. New York, Ith-
aca, May-July; Newfield ; Sport Island, Sacandaga R., June
17 (C. P. Alexander) ; Hamburg, July, 1908. Wisconsin,
Polk Co., July (Baker). Nevada, Reno, 1878 (Morrison).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
129
Manitoba, Aweme, July 1, 1907 (N. Criddle). Nova
Scotia, Truro, July 4, 1913 (R. Matheson).
Genus PARAPERLA Banks.
1906. Paraperla Banks, Can. Ent., 38:222.
1907. Paraperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1909. Paraperla Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:390.
Brown medium sized stoneflies, 11-17 mm. in length;
with a long head, a transversely oval prothorax and with
second anal vein of f orewing
branched.
Head unusually long, a little wider
than prothorax ; length of head back
of eyes at least as great as the
length of the eye; ocellar triangle
covered by a brown wash which is
bounded behind by the occipital
sutures ; three small ocelli ; the hind
ocelli a little closer to each other
than to the eyes.
Pronotum transversely oval ; wider
than long; all angles much rounded;
a narrow blackish groove runs all
around the margin ; surface slightly
rugose. Legs brown, tarsi blackish,
first and second tarsal segments
very short, sub-equal, third tarsal
segment at least twice as long as one
and two combined. Wings subhya-
line ; subcosta ends much before the
cord ; several costal crossveins be-
fore the end of subcosta as well as
beyond; second anal vein of fore-
wing branched ; anal field of hind
wings large ; stem of Rs-M in hind
wing very long.
Abdomen brown ; cerci long, with
at least 18 segments.
Male. Ninth sternite not much produced ; tenth tergite
cleft; supra-anal process upturned and largely membra-
nous; subanal lobes broadly triangular, not modified into
recurved hooks.
Female. Subgenital plate large, much produced and
notched in the middle.
Fig. 16. Paraperla
frontalis Bks.
130 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Distribution. — Western States.
Genotype, Perlinella frontalis Banks.
This genus is represented by only one species. By its
long head and transversely oval prothorax, as well as by
other characters it is allied to Kathroperla Bks.
Paraperla frontalis Banks.
(Plate 15, fig. 8; plate 23, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1902. Perlinella frontalis Banks, Can. Ent., 34:123.
1907. Paraperla frontalis Banks, Can. Ent., 39:328.
1907. Paraperla frontalis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11-14 mm. ; female, 13-17
mm. Expanse, male, 20-25 ; mm. ; female, 22-28 mm.
General color brown.
Head slightly wider than prothorax; yellowish with a
darker spot over the ocellar triangle; bounded behind by
the occipital sutures and enclosing the large flat lateral
tubercles, extending forward nearly to the front margin
of clypeus ; frontal ridge shaped like a German capital V ;
the area just back of eyes and the posterior border of the
head brown; length of head behind the eyes at least as
long as the length of the eye; the ocelli form an almost
equilateral triangle, the hind ocelli being a little closer to
each other than to the eyes ; apical segment of maxillary
palpi small ; antennae dark brown.
Prothorax transversely oval, wider than long, some-
what narrowed behind ; all angles very broadly rounded ;
brown with a lighter area on each side and with the ru-
gosities darker brown ; a narrow median longitudinal
black line and a narrow black line within the groove
which extends around the entire margin of the pronotum.
Legs brown ; femora with a narrow transverse black band
at the tip and tibiae with a black spot at the proximal end ;
tarsi blackish, first and second segments short, subequal,
third segment at least twice as long as one and two com-
bined. Wings subhyaline, veins heavy, brown ; subcosta
ends much before the cord; four to six costal crossveins
before the end of subcosta and three to four beyond ;
radial sector with two or three branches ; second anal
vein of f orewing forked ; hind wing with a large anal
field, with several cubital crossveins; basal stem of Rs-M
in hind wing very long.
Abdomen brown. Setae yellowish brown to dark brown ;
long, with at least 18 segments ; middle segments about
four times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite slightly produced and
evenly rounded behind ; tenth tergite cleft ; supra-anal
process upturned, largely membranous and composed of a
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
131
median fleshy lobe with a shorter lobe each side ; basally
the supra-anal process is attached to a black chitinous
base from which originate two rearward divergent, dark
chitinous bands which curve downward at the tip; sub-
anal lobes broadly triangular and not developed into re-
curved hamules.
Female. Subgenital plate large, normally nearly cover-
ing the ninth sternite, triangularly notched in the middle.
Distribution.— Type, male, May 30, 1892, Beulah, N.
Mex. (Banks' Collection,
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
a female, July 11, Beulah, N.
Museum of Comparative
In Banks' collection is also
Mex. One male, one female,
Reno, Nev., 1878 (Morrison) ; one male, one female, Boul-
der, Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; two females, May 2, Logan,
Utah; one male, May 29, 1909, Salt Lake City, Utah (E.
G. Titus) ; one female, August, 1913, Beaver Creek, Mont.
(S. J. Hunter) ; one female, Aug. 2, 1915, Rattlesnake Cr.,
Tulare Co., Calif., 9,000 ft.; one female, May 8, 1921,
Steven's Creek Gorge, Santa Clara Co., Calif.
Genus KATHROPERLA
Banks.
1920. Kathroperla Banks, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:315.
Length, 20-24 mm. ;
brown and yellow mark-
ings, transversely oval
pronotum with broadly
rounded corners ; elongate
head.
Head very long; about
as wide as prothorax; com-
pound eyes small ; three
ocelli, forming an equilat-
eral triangle ; hind ocelli
about as close to eyes as
to each other; the length
of head behind the eyes
equals at least half the
length of entire head;
antennae dark, first and
second segments of about
equal length ; palpi dark,
slender.
Prothorax wider than
long, transversely oval,
with a yellow median
stripe and with some yel-
Fig. 17. Kathroperla perdita Bks.
132 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
low on the sides ; surface moderately rugose ; front and
hind margin convex ; angles broadly rounded ; a depressed
groove extends all around the margin. Legs dark brown ;
apical tarsal segment longer than the other two segments
combined; first segment longer than second. Wings sub-
hyaline or lightly infuscated; veins dark, not heavy;
venation as in PI. 15, fig. 6.
Abdomen brown; cerci or tails dark, hairy, reaching
nearly to tip of wings; basal segments short, segments
beyond middle about three times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and evenly
rounded behind and bearing a rounded, chitinized, knob-
like appendage; tenth tergite partly cleft; supra-anal
process broad and short, partly membranous; subanal
lobes unmodified.
Female. Subgenital plate produced and emarginate in
the middle.
Genotype, A", perdita Banks, the sole known species.
Kathroperla perdita Banks.
(Plate 15, fig. 6; plate 23, figs. 7, 8.)
1920. Kathroperla perdita Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:315.
Length to tip of wings, male 20 mm.; expanse, male,
35 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 23-24 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 38-40 mm.
General color dark brown with yellow on head and
prothorax.
Head very long, about as long as wide; the distance
from the hind margin of the eyes to the pronotum much
greater than the distance from the front margin of the
eyes to the anterior margin of the head. Color dark
brown with yellow in front of the ocellar triangle and ex-
tending back on the outer margin and along a ridge to
the posterior ocelli (in the specimen from California the
head is largely yellow except for a dark spot over the
ocellar triangle and a black margin behind the eyes) ;
tubercles very weak; no frontal ridge, two raised spots
in front and each side of the front ocellus; eyes very
small ; ocelli form an equilateral triangle, the hind ocelli
about as close to the eyes as to each other. Antennae dark
brown, the second segment almost as long as first ; palpi
dark brown.
Prothorax about as wide as head; transversely oval,
much wider than long ; blackish brown with a median yel-
low stripe and a yellowish mark on the lateral margins;
front and hind margins rounded, sides convex or much
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 133
rounded ; angles much rounded ; rugosities not very
strong; the groove in front and behind faintly continuous
on the ouTer margins ; meso- and metathorax dark brown
with a pale spot in front and pale in the middle above.
Legs, dark brown ; femora with a narrow transverse black
band at distal ends; first tarsal segment about twice as
long as second ; third segment longer than one and two to-
gether. Wings subhyaline ; area between costa and radius
beyond end of subcosta inf uscated. Veins, including costa,
dark brown.
Abdomen dark brown, hairy, dark underneath. Cerci
or tails blackish brown, first segment about twice as long
as wide, the next few segments wider than long; seg-
ments beyond the middle about three times as long as
wide, hairy.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced, evenly
rounded behind and bearing a ventral appendage in the
form of a rounded knob ; from the base of the ventral ap-
pendage originate two divergent lines, the area between
these lines somewhat depressed ; tenth tergite partly
cleft, the hind margin each side of the middle beset with
small pegs; supra-anal process short, broad, upturned,
with a chitinized rim connected in the middle by a short
chitinous, transverse piece: remainder of supra-anal proc-
ess membranous ; subanal lobes triangular, unmodified.
Female. Ventral plate very broad and triangularly
produced across segment nine, notched in the middle.
Distribution. — Type, female, 10819, Kaslo, British Co-
lumbia, April 24 (Banks' Collection M. C. Z., Cambridge,
Mass.). One female, Redwood Canyon, Marin Co., Calif.,
V-17-08 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; one female, "Sitcha" ; one
male, Terrace, B. C. (Mrs. W. W. Hippesley).
Genus NEOPERLA Needham.
1892. Pseudoperla Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 19:322 (preoc).
1905. Neoperla Needham, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., 18:108.
1907. Neoperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1909. Neoperla Klapalek, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 28:216.
1909. Ochthopetina Enderlein, Stett. Ent. Zeit.. 70:324.
1923. Neoperla Klapalek, Coll. Zool de Selys, IV, 2:125.
Medium sized brownish species, 10-18 mm. in length,
with two ocelli placed very close to each other; wings
lightly to heavily infuscated.
Head wider than prothorax, yellowish to brown ; two
large ocelli, less than two diameters apart, surrounded by
a black ring or else both ocelli situated upon a black spot.
Prothorax wider than long, narrowed behind ; front
134
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
angles acute, hind angles
somewhat rounded ; surface
quite rugose. Legs brown-
ish ; first and second tarsal
segments very short, sub-
equal ; third segment much
longer than one and two com-
bined. Wings lightly to heav-
ily infuscated; a number of
costal crossveins before the
end of the cord and from one
to four beyond ; subcosta
does not reach to the cord;
anal area of hind wings
large ; second anal vein of
hind wing bent towards the
third vein and usually con-
nected to the third vein by a
crossvein. Tails long and
slender.
Male. Hind margin of
seventh abdominal tergite
with a raised rearward point-
ing process ; tenth tergite
with two incurved, bluntly
pointed processes which orig-
inate at the base of the cerci and almost meet at the tips
and just before the tips these processes bear a slender,
finger-like process which is directed forward obliquely
over the abdomen ; subanal lobes and supra-anal process
unmodified.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite unmodified or
slightly produced into a subgenital plate.
Distribution. — North America, Asia and Africa.
Neoperla clymene Newman.
(Plate 24, figs. 1-5, and text fig. 5.)
1839. Chloroperla clymene Newman, Am. .Mag. Nat. Hist., 3:87.
1842. Perla clymene Pictet, Ins. Neurop., p. 283.
1852. Perla clymene Walker, Cat. Neurop., p. 167.
1861. Perla clymene Hagen, Svn. Neurop., N. A., p. 29.
1863. Perla clymene Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 28:217.
1892. Perla clymene Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1907. Neoperla clymene Banks, Cat., p. 12.
1909. Neoperla clymene Klapalek, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 28:217.
1909. Neoperla clymene Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:390.
1842. Perla occipitalis Pictet, Ins. Neur., p. 254.
Fig. 18. Neoperla clymene Newm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 135
1852. Perla occipitalis Walker, Cat. Neurop., p. 160.
1861. Perla occipitalis Hagen, Syn. Neurop., N. A., p. 27.
1862. Perla occipitalis Walsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 365.
1892. Perla occipitalis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 342.
1894. Pseudoperla occipitalis Banks, Ent. News., 5:178.
1904. Pseudoperla occipitalis Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Pseudoperla occipitalis Tucker, Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull., 4:78.
1907. Neoperla occipitalis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1908. Neoperla occipitalis Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:150.
1909. Neoperla occipitalis Klapalek, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 28:218.
Length to tip of wings, male 10-14 mm. ; expanse, male,
17-24 mm. ; length to tip of wings, female, 12-18 mm. ; ex-
panse, female, 21-33 mm.
General color yellow varied with brown, with lightly to
heavily infuscated wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax; yellowish with a
black spot over the ocelli and sometimes with an infus-
cated spot on the labrum. (In some specimens the black
spot over the ocelli is not connected between the ocelli
so that each ocellus is surrounded by a black ring) ; ocelli
two, large, less than two diameters distant from each
other; antennae brown to blackish, somewhat lighter at
the base.
Prothorax brown, sometimes lighter in the median
area; considerably narrowed behind, wider than long;
front angles acute, hind angles rounded ; surface quite ru-
gose ; the grooves on the front and hind margin blackish.
Legs yellowish to brown, externally darker ; first and sec-
ond tarsal segments very short, subequal, third tarsal
segment much longer than one and two combined. Wings
lightly to heavily infuscated; veins brown except costa
and subcosta, which are usually yellow, especially in those
specimens having heavily infuscated wings; subcosta
ends before the cord; 8-14 costal crossveins before the
end of subcosta and 2-4 beyond; radial sector usually
three branched; several cubital crossveins in the hind
wing ; second anal vein of hind wing usually connected to
third vein by a crossvein.
Abdomen and cerci yellowish.
Male. Hind margin of seventh abdominal tergite with
a median raised, chitinous process directed backward with
prickles on the tip and behind; eighth tergite with a
median raised rounded knob beset with prickles; ninth
tergite with a small median and lateral raised area, all
beset with prickles; tenth tergite with incurved proc-
esses, originating at the base of the cerci, and almost
meeting on the mid-dorsal line of the tenth tergite. They
are evenly rounded and finely spin.ulose at the tip ; a little
distance before the tip these incurved processes bear a
136 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
long slender finger-like process which is directed forward
over the ninth tergite. Subanal lobes and supra-anal
process small, unmodified ; ninth abdominal sternite some-
what produced and rounded behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
not produced or very slightly produced in the middle.
Distribution. — Generally distributed east of the Rocky
Mountains. Originally described from Georgia.
Pennsylvania, Ohio Pyle, July 22, 1905; Harrisburg,
July 7.
Maryland, Plummers Is., June 19, 1903; Washington, D.
C, Aug.
New Jersey, Westfield, June 25.
Maine, Ft. Kent, July 7 (C. W. Johnson).
Vermont, Dummerston, July 14, 1908 (C. W. Johnson).
Connecticut, Middletown, June 17, 1909 (C. W. Johnson).
New York, Ithaca, June to Sept.; Ft. Montgomery, July
26; Westfalls, July 15, 1901; Ancram, June 11,
1919; Lake Charlotte, June 26, 1920; St. Martins-
burg, July 4, 1923 (C. K. Sibley).
Ohio, Columbus, June (C. J. Drake).
Michigan, Ann Arbor, July 16, 1901.
Illinois, Ottawa, Aug. 6 (W. E. Howard) ; Bloomington,
June 21, 1894 (C. C. Adams).
Iowa, Keokuk, June (Schaffer).
Missouri, Columbus, July 17, Aug. 6-8 (C. R. Crosby).
Minnesota, Ramsey Co., Univ. Farm, July 10, 1921 (W. E.
Hoffman) .
Kansas, Lawrence, June to July ; Fredonia, July 11, 1919
(Fred Butcher); Delphos, June, 1900; Riley Co.,
July 5 to 26; Osborne Co., July 5; Cherokee Co.,
1915 (R. H. Beamer) ; Sumner Co., 1915 (R. H.
Beamer) ; Manhattan, July 15, 1922 (R. C. Smith).
Tennessee, Knoxville, June 5, June 24.
Mississippi, Agr. College (H. E. Weed).
Texas, Austin.
Arizona, one female, no data.
Nova Scotia, Truro, Aug. 7, 1913 (R. Matheson).
There is considerable variation in size and color within
this species, but the genital and other structural charac-
ters agree so well that we are able to recognize in our
fauna only one species within this genus.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 137
CLIOPERLA, new genus.
Stoneflies of moderate or small size, having a yellow
dorsal stripe upon the prothorax, yellowish areas around
the eyes and rear of the head. The genital hooks of the
male when developed originate from the subanal lobes
and are less slender than in Isoperla. Ventral lobe on
male abdomen when developed is present on segment 8.
The radial sector forks far beyond the cord and in the
hind wing there are a few intercubital crossveins. The
cubito-anal crossvein of the fore wing is close to the apex
of the anal cell.
Genotype, Isogenus clio Newman.
Key to the Species.
Males.
1. No ventral lobe on abdominal segment 8 ebria
Ventral lobe present 2
2. Ventral lobe very weakly developed gravitans
Ventral lobe well developed, conspicuous 3
3. Subanal lobes developed as genital hooks similis
Subanal lobes not developed as genital hooks__c//o
Unknown are sobria, slossonae, annecta and mar-
morata.
Females.
1. Subgenital plate with a deep median cleft— sobria
Subgenital plate with hind margin entire 2
2. Subgenital plate produced posteriorly well across
the 9th sternite 3
Subgenital plate scarcely prolonged posteriorly- _ 5
3. Area of ocellar triangle black — eastern 4
Area of ocellar triangle with a median yellow spot
— western ebria
4. Subgenital plate very broadly produced and even-
ly rounded slossonae
Subgenital plate truncate, not evenly rounded
si mil is
5. Wing membrane tinted with brown marmorata
Wing membrane subhyaline 5
6. Vein Rs 2-branched ; in hind wing the fusion of
Rs and M extends more than half the length
of the disc annecta
Vein Rs 3-branched ; in the hind wing the fusion
of Rs and M is much less than half the length
of the disc clio
Unknown, C. gravitans sp. nov.
138 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Clioperla similis Hagen.
1861. Perla similis Hagen, Synops. Neur. X. A., p. 26.
1907. Perla similis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 3 2.
1908. Perla .similis Banks, Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:151.
Length to wing tips, male, 12 mm., female, 13-15 mm. ;
expanse, male, 23 mm., female, 24-28 mm.
Color brown and yellow with black antennae and yel-
low-tipped abdomen. Head yellow around the eyes and
beneath and narrowly across the occiput, and paler on the
M-mark across the frons, but otherwise blackish dor-
sally. Palpi dusky.
Prothorax much wider than long with bright yellow
middorsal stripe, that is variable of width and form, and
that is narrowly grooved down its center. This stripe is
continued halfway along both meso- and metathorax. Legs
dusky. Wings subhyaline with pale brown veins, faintly
tinged with yellow at base and at stigma.
Abdomen brown, the last two segments yellow. Tail
brownish, at base yellow.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 8th, which
bears a low, broad lobe at its apex, ventrally set off at its
base by a curving groove that runs out at the side mar-
gins; lobe and sides both yellow. Segment 9 all yellow,
abruptly elongated in its lower half into a broadly oval
upturned subgenital scoop with a wide obtuse apex. Seg-
ment 10 on dorsal apical margin very slightly convex and
entire. No genital hooks visible without dissection. Tails
thinly hairy, yellow at base.
Female. Subgenital plate a short broadly rounded lobe
occupying the middle half of the border of the 8th ster-
nite and overlapping a very little upon the 9th ; the edge
in dried specimens appears to be rather evenly truncated.
Distribution. — Eastern States: Pennsylvania and Mary-
land (P. R. Uhler) ; Mt. Washington, N. H., Sept. 14,
1907 (Glover M. Allen) ; Moore's Brook near Ithaca, May
13, 1922 (C. K. Sibley) ; Ringwood Hollow near Ellis, N.
Y., April 17, 1922 (P. W. Claassen).
Clioperla gravitans, new species.
(Plate 11, fig. 6; plate 25, figs. 7, 8.)
Length to wing tips, male, 18 mm. ; expanse, 32 mm.
Color black varied with yellow. Head black with a pair
of irregular longitudinal stripes conjoined across the
front ocellus and less broadly behind the epicranial su-
ture, separated in front by a narrow yellow median line
for the entire length of the clypeus. Eyes narrowly
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 139
ringed with yellow that is confluent with the dorsal
stripe. Hind angles of head black externally, the M-mark
across the frons is polished, slender, and near its outer
end are the minute roundish frontal tubercles. Antennae
and palpi brown.
Prothorax one-half wider than long, quadrangular with
wide submarginal grooves across both front and rear.
Color brown, with a wide and conspicuous parallel sided
median yellow stripe. There is a faint continuation of
this stripe on the front of the mesothorax. Embossed
markings of sides of the prothoracic disc are rather fine
vermiculate, polished brown. The angles have a faint sug-
gestion of yellow color. Legs brown beyond the yellow
short basal segments except for a conspicuous yellow knee
cap, covering an eighth of the tips of the femora. Wings
subhyaline with strong brown veins.
Abdomen blackish, genital parts and environs yellow-
ish. Tails brown, paler at base.
Male. Abdominal segments normal to the 8th, which
is very slightly modified on the ventral side, a crescentic
apical area being yellowish and somewhat delimited bas-
ally by a shallow groove. The ninth segment is prolonged
ventrally into a low broad subgenital scoop with the usual
upcurvature of the apex. The tenth segment is inclosed
in the ninth below, entire above, and broadly convex
in the middle. Genital hooks spring from the subanal
lobes, short, recurved and clawlike.
One male specimen from Olympia, Wash., June, 1898
(Cornell University Collection).
Clioperla clio Newman.
(Plate 12, fig. 3; plate 25, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1833. Isogenus clio Newman, Mag. Nat. Hist., 3:86.
1852. Isogenus clio Walker, Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 146.
1861. Perla clio Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 19.
1863. Perla clio Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 24:371.
1907. Isogenus clio Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1912. Isogenus clio Klap., Coll. Selys, 4:60.
Length of male to wing tips, 17 mm., expanse, 28 mm.
Length of female to wing tips, 20 mm.; expanse, 34
mm. ; antennae, 10 mm.
Color fuscous varied with yellow. Head yellow above
with a big blackish short-armed X-mark on the crown,
the crossing of the X between the ocelli, the projecting
arms short, especially rearward, the forward arms ex-
tending toward the bases of the antenna. A heavy yel-
low V-mark in front of the middle ocellus, the V opening
140 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
forward, divides the black of the front of the head. Eyes
surrounded by yellow, a black spot caps the hind angles of
the head. Antennae fuscous ; palpi pale ; tubercles angu-
lar, subcarinate, obscure, black.
Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, brown with yel-
low mid-dorsal stripe that widens to its ends. Embossed
markings in the brown of the disc coarse and obscure;
sides parallel. Legs brown. Fore wings and costal strip
of hind wings brownish with darker veins.
Abdomen pale above, fuscous at sides and beneath.
Male. Pale above and below with brown sides, the pale
color of the dorsum cut obliquely at sides and extended
downward farthest at apex of each segment. Segments
normal to the 8th which is a little enlarged ventrally, and
bears across its mid-ventral apical margin a long, bow-
shaped or slightly crescentric callosity in the middle line
of which is a small rounded lobelike projection. Segment
9 is very much enlarged and prolonged ventrally into an
ovate broadly rounded subgenital scoop that doubles the
length of the segment and includes segment 10 and the
genitalia. Scoop yellow, washed with brown at sides
basally.
Female. The subgenital plate is scarcely modified from
the straight cut sternite of the 8th abdominal segment
being set off by obscure folds, its edge but little elongated
and outcurving and not strongly chitinized. The yellow
of the under surface of segments 9 and 10 is invaded mid-
laterally by the brown of the sides and there are paired
isolated touches of brown on the sides of the preceding
segments.
Distribution.— Raleigh, N. C, March 22, 1906 (C. S.
Brimley) ; Elkhart, Ind., June, 1907 (R. Weith).
Clioperla annecta, new species.
(Plate ]2, fig. 5.)
Length to tip of wings, female, 15 mm. ; expanse, 26
mm.
Color black and reddish orange. Top of head black sur-
rounded by orange, broadly at the hind angles, narrowly
in front, with sometimes a round interocellar spot, and
usually another transverse one in the middle of the shin-
ing M-mark on the frons. Antennae black on basal seg-
ment, then yellow on the basal fourth of the flagellum,
then blackish. Palpi blackish.
Prothorax about twice as wide as long with the usual
mid-dorsal yellow stripe traversed by a sharp narrow
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 141
median groove. There are faint touches of orange at the
front angles and farther back upon the side margins, and
sometimes also in the midst of the black each side of the
disc. Embossed markings subobsolete. Legs yellowish
at the sides and across the apex of the femora, elsewhere
brown, darkening on the tarsi. Coxae and trochanters
yellow. Wings hyaline, with a faint suggestion of yellow-
ish in the costal space and with very heavy black veins.
A large closed cell occupies about half the space between
veins R and M beyond the cord.
Abdomen blackish above except for the apices of the 9th
and 10th segments which are yellow. There are also nar-
rowed yellow lines on lateral and apical carinae of some
of the preceding segments. Tails blackish, thinly clad
with short yellowish pubescence.
Male, unknown.
Female. Subgenital plate very low and broad, about as
wide as the abdomen, extended beneath half or more of
segment 9, and broadly rounded on its free border, with
a black spot each side at its base. Segments 9 and 10 yel-
low beneath with a conspicuous round black spot at each
side.
Distribution. — Black Rock, Clinton Co., N. Y., June 21,
1910 (C. R. Crosby) ; Quebec (Geo. Maheux).
Holotype female in Cornell University Collection.
Clioperla ebria Hagen.
(Plate 25, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
1875. Perla ebria Hagen, Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 577.
1907. Isoperla ebria Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to wing tips, male, 12-14 mm.; female, 15-17
mm. Expanse, male, 20-24 mm. ; female, 25-29 mm.
Color brownish varied with yellow. Head brown in the
middle above and on the hind angles at the sides behind
the eyes ; three yellowish spots in area between the eyes,
one the crown spot between the ocelli, the others outside
the lateral ocelli ; three pale spots across the frons, one be-
fore the median ocellus, the others (more whitish) just
within the bases of the antennae. Palpi and antennae
pale brown, the latter darker on the stout basal segment.
The antennal carinae and the crest of the frontal tubercle
finely margined with black.
Prothorax with a broad yellow median band distinctly
widened at both ends, traversed by a median brown im-
pressed line that joins similar cross lines at its ends to
make a toppled H-shaped figure. Sculpturings of the disc
142 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
heavy coarse brown, crowded next the yellow middle
band, openly spaced towards the sides. There is an ob-
scure pale double spot at the extreme front of the meso-
notum and the remainder of the thorax above is blackish.
Legs translucent brownish without pattern. Wings ful-
vous tinted with brown veins. Abdomen rather uniform
brown in the male, paler and showing diffuse paired spots
at sides of terminal segments in the female. Tails yel-
lowish brown, clad within with short soft pubescence, and
furnished at the tip of each segment with a long infero-
internal bristle.
Male. Segments normal to the 9th save for a slight
crescentric callosity (suggestion of a lobe) on the hind
ventral apical border of the 8th. The 9th segment pro-
longed rearward beneath into a narrowed and upturned
subgenital scoop, that nearly doubles the length of the
segment and that is upturned at its tip to half the height
of the segment. Segment 10 yellowish, enclosed in 9, and
soft beneath, entire on its dorsal apical margin ; two short
blackish upturned subanal genital hooks rest close against
its margin.
Female. Subgenital plate long covering fully half of
the 9th sternite, semicircular in outline of its fore por-
tion, well set off by lateral folds from the remainder of the
8th sternite. It bears two pairs of small and obscure
brownish spots and there are larger spots at sides of seg-
ments 8 and 9.
Distribution. — Western North America:
British Columbia, Lake Lakelse, November, 1923.
Colorado, Tolland (G. S. Dodds) ; Florissant, June, 1907
(S. Rohwer) .
Washington, Olympia, May 1, 1898; May 20, 1899; June
2, 1898.
Montana, Big Blackfoot River, Potomac, June 20, 1906.
( >regon, Corvallis, April 6 (J. C. Bridwell).
Alberta, Maligne Lake, July 1-3; Waterton Lakes, July
23, August 8 (J. McDunnough).
Clioperla marmorata, new species.
(Plate 13, fig. (i; plate 25, fig. 11.)
Length to wing tips, female, 18 mm. ; expanse, 28 mm.
Color yellow, marbled with brown. Head yellow with
a blackish band across the frons between the antennae,
extended rearward in two blackish triangular lobes to
cover the rear ocelli (thus making the yellow of the rear
of the head trilobed anteriorly) ; a wash of paler brown
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 143
covers most of the clypeus before the yellow M-line across
the frons. Ocelli minute, sub-equal and equidistant. An-
tennae brown, paler on base of flagellum ; palpi darker
brown.
Prothorax yellow, with a wide smooth middle tract and
rather narrow borders all around set off by deep grooves.
Embossed markings on the sides of the disc, brown, rath-
er coarse, fewer toward the side margins. Two dots at
the front of the mesothorax mark the angles of a wide
yellow triangle, and the wing roots are yellow. Legs pale
brown. Wings subhyaline with pale brown veins. All
of the portion before the cord suffused with an amber-
brown tint that deepens to strong brown over the anal
area of the hind wing.
Abdomen brown. Tails yellowish, tapering, covered
with short hairs ; subanal lobes elongate triangular.
Female. Hind margin of the 8th sternite scarcely pro-
duced into a subgenital plate, broadly and evenly truncate.
Holotype female, Nevada, Cornell University Collection.
Clioperla sobria Hagen.
(Plate 25, fig. 9.)
1875. Perla sobria Hagen, Bull. G'eol. Surv. Terr., p. 577.
1907. Perla sobria Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to tip of wings, female, 15 mm.; expanse, 26
mm.
General color fuscous varied with yellow on head and
prothorax.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; with a yellow spot
in the ocellar triangle, yellow beside the eyes, a yellow
spot at the base of the antennae and one in front of the
anterior ocellus ; occiput mottled yellowish ; rest of head
dark brown to blackish ; ocelli small, forming a triangle
almost twice as wide as long, the hind ocelli closer to the
eyes than to each other. Antennae dark brown.
Prothorax wider than long; sides nearly straight, not
narrowed behind; light yellow with coarse chocolate
brown rugosities; angles quite sharp. Legs brown. Wings
subhyaline with brown veins ; hind wings without inter-
cubital crossveins.
Abdomen brown, tails pale yellow.
Male, unknown.
Female. Subgenital plate produced almost half way
across the ninth sternite, rounded, with a narrow deep
median notch.
Type, female, No. 247, Colorado Mts., Pacific Slope,
August, 1873 (Hagen Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge).
144 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Unknown to us. Redescribed from Hagen's type in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. The small "tubercle"
of the subgenital plate, to which Hagen refers in his
original description, was caused by shrivelling in drying.
Clioperla slossonae Banks.
1911. Perla slossonae Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37:335.
Length to tip of wings, female, 15.5 mm. ; expanse, 26
mm.
General color black except for the yellowish stripe on
prothorax and yellowish spots on the head. Head mostly
black; sides of head yellow and front of clypeus yellow-
ish; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles black, shining;
hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other. Anten-
nae dark brown to blackish.
Prothorax black with a wide median yellowish brown
stripe ; half again as wide as long ; very slightly widened
behind ; angles rounded ; surface only slightly rugose.
Legs blackish with yellow tipped femora. Wings uni-
formly subhyaline ; veins heavy brown.
Abdomen and tails black.
Male, unknown.
Female. The subgenital plate is very broad, occupying
the entire width of the eighth sternite, produced over the
ninth sternite and evenly rounded behind.
Female, type No. 11327, Franconia, N. H. (Banks Col-
lection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
Genus ISOPERLA Banks.
1906. Isoperla Banks, Ent. News., 17:17.1.
1907. Isoperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
1909. Isoperla Enderlein, Zool. An/.., :14::'>90.
Mostly yellowish to greenish species, 6-15 mm. in
length ; hind wings without a series of cubital crossveins ;
males with a thickened knob on the posterior margin of
the eighth abdominal sternite.
Head usually a little wider than prothorax, yellowish
to dark brown usually with darker markings, either over
the entire ocellar triangle or connecting the ocelli ; ocelli
three, the hind ocelli as close or closer to the eyes than to
each other; lateral tubercles and frontal ridge not very
prominent.
Prothorax rectangular, wider than long; mostly with a
wide median yellow, longitudinal stripe and with brown
rugose discs; rugosities sometimes on a yellow back-
ground, angles sharp or narrowly rounded. First tarsal
segments about twice as long as second, third segment
longer than one and two combined. Wings mostly green-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
145
Fig. 19. Isoperla
hilineata Say.
developed subgenital plate.
Genotype, Sialis bilineata Say
ish hyaline ; subcosta usually does
not reach the cord ; a series of costal
crossveins before the end of sub-
costa and from one to three cross-
veins beyond the end of subcosta;
radial sector forked once beyond the
cord ; hind wing with a large folded
anal area ; no series of cubital cross-
veins in hind wing.
Abdomen with two long tails
whose middle segments are three to
five times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite
much produced so as to extend at
least to the tip of the abdomen ;
eighth sternite with a rounded,
thickened knob on the hind margin ;
subanal lobes modified into slender
upturned or recurved hooks ; tenth
tergite entire; supra-anal process
not developed.
Female. Eighth abdominal ster-
nite either unmodified or with a well
Key to the Species of Isoperla.
Color blackish ; female subgenital plate somewhat
produced and broadly emarginate at tip ; penis
of male, when extruded, with two slender chi-
tinized processes below fusca
Color greenish, yellowish or brownish 2
Dark brown with very little yellow, prothorax al-
most twice as wide as long; less than 8 mm. in
length minuta
Mostly yellowish ; if brown, with considerable yel-
low color on head and pronotum 3
Head with a round yellow spot in the ocellar tri-
angle surrounded by dark brown ; pronotum
with a basal median yellow stripe and with
brown sides 4
Head either almost concolorous or with a V-
shaped dark mark connecting the hind ocelli
with the front ocellus ; pronotum with a yellow
median stripe and with the lateral margins yel-
low 6
146 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
4. Subanal lobes of male very long and slender, and
genital plate emarginate at tip -marlynia sp. now
Subanal lobes of male short and wider, female
subgenital plate not emarginate 5
5. Head usually with a round yellow spot in front of
the anterior ocellus ; knob on male eighth ab-
dominal sternite about as wide as long; male
13-14 mm. long; female, 14-16 mm signata
Head usually without a round yellow spot in front
of the anterior ocellus ; knob on male eighth ab-
dominal sternite wider than long; male 10-11
mm. long ventralis
6. Color pale yellow to brownish ; female subgenital
plate slightly produced and evenly rounded
bell on a
Color yellowish with brown markings on head
and pronotum 7
7. Head mostly yellow, with no brown V-shaped
mark connecting the ocelli 8
Head with a brown V-shaped mark connecting
the ocelli 10
8. Female subgenital plate produced over about
half of the ninth sternite, with a slight emar-
gination at the tip 5-punctata
Female subgenital plate truncate, not produced- _ 9
9. Males 13-15 mm. in length, females 14-16 mm.;
area behind the ocelli usually brownish ; 2-3 cos-
tal crossveins beyond the end of subcosta
sordida
Males 10-11 mm. in length, females 11-12 mm.;
area behind the ocelli usually yellow; one costal
crossvein beyond the end of subcostal- -inarmona
10. Subgenital plate of female triangularly produced
over most of the ninth sternite ; subanal lobes
of male bluntly pointed bilineata
Subgenital plate of female broadly rounded ; sub-
anal lobes of male sharply pointed 11
11. Male 11-13 mm. long, female 13-15 mm.; female
subgenital plate almost truncate montana
Male 10 mm. long, female 11-12 mm. ; female sub-
genital plate evenly rounded behind longiseta
Isoperla f usca, new species.
(Plate 2fi? figs. 4, 5, 6.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 9 mm. ; female, 10-11 mm,
Expanse, male, 16 mm. ; female, 18-20 mm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 147
General color blackish with greenish-hyaline wings.
Head wider than prothorax; dark brown to blackish, us-
ually with yellow between the hind ocelli and just beside
the eyes and sometimes also yellow on clypeus; lateral
tubercles and frontal ridge moderately prominent; hind
ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Antennae blackish.
Prothorax dark brown with blackish rugosities; wider
than long, not appreciably narrowed behind ; sides
straight ; angles square ; disc quite rugose. Legs blackish.
Wings greenish-hyaline ; subcosta does not reach to the
cord ; several costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
and one beyond.
Abdomen blackish; tails yellowish at base, dark to-
wards the tip.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a yellow transverse
knob on the hind margin; tenth tergite medially de-
pressed ; subanal lobes recurved, short, pointed ; penis,
when extended, membranous with a forked chitinous proc-
ess as shown in Plate 26, figure 4.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal ster-
nite somewhat produced, broadly rounded and medially
emarginate, sometimes with a wide shallow notch.
Distribution. — Holotype male, allotype female, July 12,
1923, Waterton Lakes, Alberta, Can. (J. McDunnough,
Canadian National Collection). Paratypes, two males,
three females from the same locality as the types.
When pinned this species appears almost wholly black
with slightly greenish tinted- wings, and when placed in
alcohol the black color changes to a brown.
Isoperla minuta Banks.
(Plate 27, figs. 7, 8, 9.)
1900. Chloroperla minuta Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 26:244.
1907. Alloperla minuta Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 5.5-6 mm. ; female, 6-7
mm. Expanse, male, 9-10 mm. ; female, 10-11 mm.
General color brown to blackish, wings infuscated ex-
cept costal margin which is yellow.
Head hardly wider than prothorax; brown to blackish,
darker in the ocellar triangle ; usually a small yellow spot
between the hind ocelli ; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles
flat, shiny; hind ocelli at least twice as close to the eyes
as to each other. Antennae yellowish at base, dark be-
yond.
Prothorax almost twice as wide as long; front and hind
margins rounded ; sides almost straight, angles somewhat
148 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
rounded ; slightly narrowed behind ; dark brown with a
wide median yellow stripe which is somewhat widened
posteriorly; sides of the disc quite rugose. Legs brown.
Wings lightly to rather heavily infuscated, with a yellow
costal margin ; subcosta does not reach the cord ; usually
no costal crossveins between the humeral crossvein and
the end of subcosta; one costal crossvein beyond the end
of subcosta; no cubital crossveins in hind wing.
Abdomen brown ; tails brown, a little lighter at base,
the middle segments 4-5 times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a transverse knob
on the hind margin ; subanal lobes slender, sharply
pointed, recurved upon the tenth tergite ; supra-anal lobe
not developed.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
broad, produced over about half of the ninth sternite and
evenly rounded behind.
Type, male, 11342, Columbus, Ohio, May 9, 1899 (Banks
Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.). A male
and female (paratypes) from the same locality, also in
Banks Collection. Ohio, Columbus, April 10, 1920 (A. E.
Miller) ; Illinois, Urbana, May 15, 1898 (F. M. McE.).
Isoperla marlynia, new species.
(Plate 25, figs. 12, 13, 14.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 12 mm.; female, 12-13
mm. Expanse, male, 21 mm. ; female, 21-23 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish with a median
yellow prothoracic stripe.
Head a little wider than prothorax; brown, with a yel-
lowish spot in the ocellar triangle and with yellowish in
front of the anterior ocellus ; ocelli connected by a black-
ish V-shaped mark ; occiput with three yellow spots : a
V-shaped one in the middle and one beside each compound
eye ; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles not very promi-
nent ; hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other.
Antennae blackish.
Prothorax dark brown, with a broad median yellow
stripe ; much wider than long ; front angles angulate ; hind
angles rather sharp; sides of the disc with scattered ru-
gosities.
Legs dark brown ; wings subhyaline, with a very slight
greenish tinge ; veins brown ; subcosta ends before the
cord ; a series of 5-6 costal crossveins before the end of
subcosta and one beyond ; hind wing without cubital cross-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 149
veins. Abdomen dark brown ; tails brown, the individual
segments darker at the tip.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
somewhat truncate behind ; eighth sternite with a knob
which is about as wide as long and is closely beset with
very short prickles ; subanal lobes modified into very long
slender hooks which recurve upon the tenth tergite; su-
pra-anal process not developed.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
produced over about a third of the following segment
and with a broad, shallow median emargination.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, April 26, Lakehurst,
New Jersey (Cornell University Collection).
Paratypes, three females, same locality as types.
Isoperla signata Banks.
(Plate 27, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1902. Perlinella signata Banks, Can. Ent., 34:124.
1907. Isoperla signata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 13-14 mm. ; female, 14-16
mm. Expanse, male, 23-25 mm. ; female, 25-28 mm.
General color dark brown with yellow spots on head, a
yellow median prothoracic stripe and greenish infuscated
wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; dark brown with a
yellow spot in the ocellar triangle, a yellow spot in front
of the anterior ocellus, yellow at base of antennae and
with the occiput yellow (there is considerable variation in
the color pattern on the head, but the yellow ocellar spot
is usually present) ; hind ocelli much closer to the eyes
than to each other; antennae brown.
Prothorax much wider than long ; sides straight ; some-
times slightly narrower behind ; angles slightly rounded ;
a wide median yellow band which is widened behind ; disc
brown, somewhat rugose ; sometimes a little yellow on the
lateral margins. Legs brown, tarsi darker. Wings lightly
greenish f umose ; veins heavy brown ; subcosta ends be-
fore the cord ; a series of costal crossveins before the end
of subcosta and one (rarely two) beyond ; usually no cu-
bital crossveins in hind wing.
Abdomen and tails brown.
Male. Hind margin of ninth abdominal sternite much
produced and rounded behind ; hind margin of eighth
sternite with a rounded knob which is about as wide as
long; subanal lobes recurved upon the tenth tergite and
bluntly pointed.
150 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Female. Subgenital plate normally produced over nearly
half of the following sternite, evenly rounded behind.
Type female, No. 11340, Agr. Coll. Mich. (Banks Col-
lection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
Distribution. —
New York, Ithaca, May 21-June 25; Ringwood
near Ithaca, May 27, 1919 (K. Dietrich) ;
Greene Co., June; Clinton, May 24 (P. B.
Powell) ; Buffalo, July 10 ; Elizabethtown, July
2, 1923 (P. W. Claassen) .
Nova Scotia, Truro, July 7, May 18, 1913 (R.
Matheson) .
Isoperla ventralis Banks.
(Plate 26, figs. 13, 14.)
1908. Isoperla ventralis Banks, Psyche, 15:66.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10-11 mm.; expanse, male,
17-19 mm.
General color dark brown with yellow on head and pro-
thorax; wings greenish hyaline.
Head wider than prothorax; dark brown with a yellow
spot in the ocellar triangle and yellow beside the eyes;
ocelli connected by a wide V-shaped mark; lateral tuber-
cles round, prominent ; frontal ridge low, smooth ; hind
ocelli much closer to the eyes than to each other. Anten-
nae brown, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax wider than long, hardly narrowed behind ;
front and hind margins rounded ; sides straight ; angles
square; a wide median yellow stripe, somewhat con-
stricted in the middle ; disc quite rugose, the rugosities
dark brown on a yellowish background. Legs brown,
tarsi darker. Wings greenish hyaline ; veins heavy brown ;
subcosta does not reach the cord ; several costal cross-
veins before the end of subcosta and one beyond ; no cu-
bital crossvein in hind wing.
Abdomen brown, lighter at the tip. Tails yellowish at
base, darker beyond.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a transverse knob
on the hind margin ; subanal lobes sharp, recurved upon
the tenth tergite ; supra-anal process not developed.
Distribution.— Type male, No. 11333, July 28, 1906,
Grand Lake, Newfoundland (Banks Collection, Mus.
Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; four other males, para-
types, from the same locality (Banks Coll.).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 151
Isoperla bellona Banks.
(Plate 26, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
1911. Isoperla bellona Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37:336.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-10 mm.; female, 11-12
mm. Expanse, male, 16-18 mm.; female, 19-22 mm.
General color pale yellow to brownish, the wings with
a greenish yellow tinge.
Head wider than prothorax ; yellow, usually with a dark
spot in the ocellar triangle, sometimes with a dark V-
sharped mark connecting the ocelli ; clypeus a little dark-
er; hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other. An-
tennae brown.
Prothorax much wider than long; a little narrowed be-
hind ; sides straight ; angles narrowly rounded ; yellowish
with brown rugosities. Legs brown, tarsi darker. Wings
with a greenish yellow tinge; subcosta ends before the
cord ; several costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
and one or two beyond ; no cubital crossveins in hind
wing.
Abdomen and tails yellowish.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
evenly rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a rather
narrow transverse knob ; subanal lobes slender, sharp, re-
curved upon the tenth tergite ; no supra-anal lobe present.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
somewhat produced and evenly rounded.
Type, female, No. 11334, Black Mts.. N. C, May (Banks
Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
Distribution. —
North Carolina, Black Mts., June, 1912 (Beuten-
miiller) .
Georgia. Burton, May 21, 1911, 1,800 ft., Black
Rock Mt., Rabun Co., May 20-25, 1911; Clay-
ton, May 18-26, 1911 (J. C. Bradley) ; Tallu-
lah Falls, June 19-25, 1909 (J. C. Bradley) ;
Tallulah Falls, August 1909.
Isoperla 5-punctata Banks.
(Plate 26, figs. 7, 8, 11.)
1902. Chloroperla 5-punctata Banks, Can. Ent., 34:124.
1907. Isoperla 5-punctata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-12 mm. ; female, 12-15
mm. Expanse, male, 15-19 mm. ; female, 20-26 mm.
Length to tip of wings in short winged males, 6 mm.
General color yellowish brown with greenish wings.
Head yellowish with dark marks around the ocelli and
often with a black streak from the hind ocelli to the lat-
1.52 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
eral tubercle; lateral tubercles quite prominent, brown-
ish ; frontal ridge not very strong ; hind ocelli closer to
the eyes than to each other. Antennae brownish.
Prothorax narrower than head ; wider than long ; little
or not at all narrowed behind ; sides straight ; angles rath-
er sharp; brown rugosities on a yellowish background.
Legs light brown ; tarsi darker. Wings greenish hyaline ;
subcosta does not reach to the cord; three or four costal
crossveins before the end of subcosta and about two be-
yond; at the origin of the radial sector often a portion
of a crossvein extending toward media.
Abdomen yellow, tails yellow, darker towards the tip.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a median knob
which is about as wide as long; subanal lobes recurved
upon the tenth tergite as slender sharp hooks ; supra-anal
lobe not developed.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
normally produced and rounded, with a slight median
emargination.
Type female, No. 11337, Las Vegas, N. Mex., June 9,
1901 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Banks Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Mass.).
Distribution. —
New Mexico. Pecos, July-Aug., 1903 (T. D. A.
Cockerell).
Colorado, Tolland (G. S. Dodds).
Newfoundland, Grand Lake, July 28 (Owen
Bryant).
California, Claremont (Theresa Robinson).
Isoperla sordida Banks.
(Plate 27, figs. 13, 14, 15.)
190fi. Fcrla sordida Banks, Can. Ent., 38:338.
1907. Isoperla sordida Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 14 mm. ; female, 14-16
mm. Expanse, male, 24 mm. ; female, 24-29 mm.
General color yellowish brown with yellowish hyaline
wings. Head wider than prothorax, brown with yellow
in front and a little lighter color in the ocellar triangle ;
ocelli connected by an indistinct wide darker mark ; lateral
tubercles and frontal ridge not prominent ; hind ocelli
closer to the eyes than to each other. Antennae yellowish
brown, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax wider than long; brown with a wide median
yellow line and usually some yellow on the sides of the
disc, which are very rugose ; sides straight hardly nar-
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMfcKXCA 153
rowed behind, angles almost sharp. Legs brown, tarsi
somewhat darker. Wings with a yellowish greenish
tinge ; veins yellowish ; subcosta ends before the cord ; a
series of costal crossveins before the end of subcosta and
usually two or three beyond.
Abdomen yellowish brown; tails yellowish at base,
darker beyond.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a large transverse
knob on the hind margin ; subanal lobes pointed, recurved
upon the tenth tergite; supra-anal process not developed.
Female. Subgenital plate truncate, little or not at all
produced.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11338, Los Angeles
Co., Calif. (Banks Collection, Mus. Comp Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.).
California, Claremont, May 28 ; Chico, Apr. 23,
1922 (E. P. Van Duzee).
Washington, Longmire, Spg., Mt. Rainier, July 26,
1919 (C. L. Fox).
Isoperla marmona Banks.
(Plate 27, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
]920. Isoperla marmona Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:322.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10 mm. ; female, 11 mm.
Expanse, male, 17 mm. ; female, 19 mm.
General color yellowish brown with greenish hyaline
wings.
Head wider than prothorax ; yellowish brown ; some-
what darker over the ocellar triangle and on clypeus and
with a blackish spot between the ocelli ; lateral tubercles
and frontal ridge not very prominent ; hind ocelli closer
to the eyes than to each other. Antennae brown.
Prothorax wider than long; front and hind margins
rounded, sides straight, not narrowed behind ; angles al-
most square; a wide yellow median stripe and yellow on
the lateral margins ; rugosities rather coarse, chocolate
brown upon a yellow background. Legs yellowish brown,
tarsi darker. Wings greenish hyaline, veins brown ; sub-
costa reaches almost to the cord; several costal crossveins
before the end of subcosta and one beyond ; Rs-M stem in
hind wing longer than the cell which is formed by the
branches of Rs-M before the cord ; no cubital crossveins in
hind wing.
Abdomen light brown ; tails yellow.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a knob on the hind
154 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
margin ; subanal lobes sharp, recurved upon the tenth
tergite ; supra-anal process not developed.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
very little produced, truncate or slightly rounded, entire.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 10822, June 22, Vin-
yard, Utah (Banks Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool, Cam-
bridge, Mass.).
Isoperla bilineata Say.
(Plate 14, fig. 2; plate 26, figs. 9, 10, 12, and text fig. 6.)
1823. Sialis bilineata Say, Godman's West. Qnar. Kep.. 2:165.
1833. Perla bilineata Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:499.
1842. Perla bilineata Pictet, Ins. Neurop., p. 283.
1859. Perla bilineata Le Conte, Ed. T, p. 175.
1861. Perla bilineata Hagen, Ins. Neurop. N. A., p. 30.
1862. Perla bilineata Walsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 366.
1883. Perla bilineata Provancher, Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop., p. 74.
1892. Perla bilineata Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1906. Isoperla bilineata Banks, Ent. News, 17:175.
1907. Isoperla bilineata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
1907. Isoperla bilineata Tucker, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 4:78.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10-12 mm. ; female, 11-14
mm. Expanse, male, 18-22 mm. ; female, 20-26 mm.
General color yellowish with greenish hyaline wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; yellow with a brown
spot over the ocellar triangle, sometimes the spot is tri-
angularly emarginate behind so that the ocelli are con-
nected by a broad V-shaped dark mark ; a little darker on
clypeus ; lateral tubercles and frontal ridge not promi-
nent; hind ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each
other. Antennae yellowish brown, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax wider than long ; slightly, if at all, narrowed
behind ; sides straight ; angles almost square ; brown with
a broad median yellow stripe ; and sometimes with yellow
on the outer lateral margin ; surface not very rugose. Legs
yellowish, tarsi darker. Wings greenish or yellowish hy-
aline, veins brown ; subcosta does not reach to the cord ;
a series of costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
and one beyond.
Abdomen and tails yellowish, the tails a little darker
towards the tip.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
evenly rounded behind ; hind margin of eighth sternite
with a median knob which is as long as wide ; subanal lobes
recurved, bluntly pointed ; supra-anal process not de-
veloped.
Female. Subgenital plate triangularly produced and
normally extending entirely across the ninth sternite.
Distribution. — Ohio River, near Cincinnati; Newfound-
land to Saskatchewan and New Jersey to Colorado. The
common eastern species.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 155
Isoperla montana Banks.
(Plate 27, figs. 10, 11, 12.)
1898. Chloroperla montana Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 25:199.
1907. Isoperla montana Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11.5-13 mm. ; female, 13-
14.5 mm. Expanse, male, 20-23 mm.; female, 23-26 mm.
General color yellow with brown on head and pro-
thorax ; wings greenish hyaline.
Head yellow with a wide brown V-shaped mark con-
necting the ocelli; frontal ridge and lateral tubercles in-
conspicuous, hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other. Antennae pale at base, darker beyond.
Prothorax a little narrower than head ; wider than long,
slightly narrowed behind ; front and hind margins
rounded ; color yellow with brown rugosities on each
side of the disc.
Legs yellowish, femora with a narrow transverse black
band at the tip ; tarsi dark. Wings greenish hyaline, veins
yellowish brown ; subcosta reaches almost to the cord ;
several costal crossveins before the end of subcosta and
one beyond.
Abdomen yellowish brown ; tails yellowish at base be-
coming darker towards the tip.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and evenly
rounded behind; eighth sternite with a transverse knob
on the hind margin ; subanal lobes sharp, recurved upon
the tenth tergite; supra-anal process not developed.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broad, rounded subgenital plate which
normally extends almost half way across the following
sternite.
Distribution. — Type, male, No. 11339, Mt. Washington,
N. H. (Banks Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.).
New York, Ithaca, June 13, 1906; May 26, 1919;
May 27, 1922 (Ellis) ; Slaterville, June 13,
1904; Ogdensburg, July 16, 1906; Gloversville,
June 13, 1901 (C. P. A.) ; Coy Glen, near Itha-
ca, June 4, 1910; Enfield, May 21, 1922 (P.
M.) ; Newfield, June 5, 1923 (P. M.) ; Moore's
Brook, near Ithaca, May 16, 1922 (C. K. Sib-
ley) ; Taughannock, May 24, 1919 (H. Diet-
rich) ; Lakeside, Orleans Co., June 10.
Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, June 20.
Maine, Bar Harbor, June 8, 1921 (C.W.Johnson).
15(j THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Isoperla longiseta Banks.
(Plate 26, figs. 15, 16, 17.)
1906. Isoperla longiseta Hanks, Tan. Ent., 58:337.
L907. Isoperla longiseta Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10 mm.; female, 11-12
mm. Expanse, male, 17 mm. ; female, 18-20 mm.
General color yellowish brown with greenish hyaline
wings.
Head dull yellowish, the ocelli connected by a dark V-
shaped mark; clypeus also a little darker; lateral tuber-
cles indistinct ; hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other. Antennae light at the base, darker towards the tip.
Prothorax narrower than head ; wider than long ; front
and hind margins rounded, sides about straight, slightly
narrowed behind ; angles slightly rounded ; brown ru-
gosities on a yellow background, leaving a wide median
yellow stripe and yellow margins. Legs yellowish brown,
tarsi darker. Wings greenish hyaline ; veins light brown,
subcosta reaches almost to the cord ; several costal cross-
veins before the end of subcosta and one beyond; hind
wing without cubital crossveins.
Abdomen yellowish brown ; tails about twice as long as
abdomen ; yellow at base, darker towards the tip ; seg-
ments beyond middle about five times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
evenly rounded behind ; eighth sternite with a transverse
knob -on the hind margin ; subanal lobes slender, sharp, re-
curved upon the tenth tergite ; supra-anal lobe small.
Female. Subgenital plate of eighth abdominal sternite
somewhat produced and evenly rounded behind.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11336, Onaga, Kans.
(Banks Coll. M. C. Z., Cambridge, Mass.) ; Kansas, Onaga;
Lawrence, June 26, 1919 (P. W. Claassen) ; Indiana.
Genus PERLESTA Banks.
1906. Perlesta Banks, Can. Ent., 38:222.
1907. Perlesta Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1909. Perlesta Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:389.
Brown stoneflies, 9 to 14 mm. in length, with a yellow
costal margin and with long slender tails.
Head a little wider than prothorax, usually with a
blackiish quadrangular spot over the ocellar triangle ;
three ocelli, the hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other.
Prothorax wider than long, somewhat narrowed be-
hind ; front angles subacute, hind angles rounded ; brown
to blackish ; sometimes with a median yellowish stripe ;
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
157
surface rugose. Legs brown, first two tarsal segments
short, third segment at least twice as long as one and
two combined. Wings subhyaline to dark fumose, with
a yellow costal margin ; costa,
subcosta and costal crossveins
lemon yellow, the other veins
brown ; subcosta reaches to or
nearly to the cord; six or more
costal crossveins before the tip
of subcosta and several beyond;
radial sector usually with three
branches ; anal field of hind wing
large; Rs-M stem long; several
cubital crossveins. Cerci long
and slender, the middle seg-
ments four to five times as long
as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal ster-
nite much produced and rounded
behind ; tenth tergite entire and
posteriorly produced into a
rounded lobe; subanal lobes
modified into upturned, slender,
finger-like processes.
Female. Subgenital plate some-
what produced, truncate and
medially notched.
Genotype, Perl a placida Hagen.
Distribution. — East of the Rocky
Mountains.
There is a single species. There is considerable varia-
tion in the color of the wings and in the color pattern on
the head. This has given rise to the description of eight
species and varieties within this genus. Long series of
specimens collected at the same time and place contain all
the variable coloration and color patterns described under
these species, but structurally they are all identical.
Fig. 20. Perlesta placida Hag
158 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Perlesta placida Hagen.
(Plate 15, fig. 7; plate 24, figs. 15, 16.)
1861. Perla placida TIagen, Svn. Neurop. X. A., p. 28.
1892. Perla placida Banks, Cat. p. 342.
1904. Perla placida Banks, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., 6:205.
1906. Perlesta placida Banks, Can. Ent., 38:222.
1907. Perlesta placida Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1907. Perlesta placida Tucker, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 4:78.
1908. Perlesta placida Banks, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash.. 9:150.
1862. Perla decipiens Walsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 364.
1892. Perla decipiens Banks, Cat., p. 341.
1907. Perla decipiens Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1862. Perla brunneipennis Walsh, Pine. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 3(>7.
1892. Perla brunneipennis Banks, Cat. p. 342.
1907. Isoperla brunneipennis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 13.
1898. Chloroperla virginiea Banks, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soe., 25:199.
1907. Perlesta virginiea Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1905. Perlinella cinctipes Banks. Psyche, 12:56.
1907. Perlesta cinctipes Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1914. Isoperla texana Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 611.
1921. Perlesta costal is Klapalek, Annales, Soe. Ent. Belg., p. 5 of re-
print.
1921. Perlesta virginiea var. immaculata Klapalek, Ann. Soe. Ent.
Belg., p. 5 of reprint.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-11 mm. ; female, 10-14
mm. Expanse, male, 16-20 mm. ; female, 17-25 mm.
General color brown to blackish with yellow on head
and with the costal margin of the wings yellow.
Head a little wider than prothorax; usually with a
blackish quadrangular spot over the ocellar triangle, ex-
tending in front towards the base of the antennae ; frontal
ridge yellow ; clypeus mostly dark brown ; rest of head
mostly yellow. There is a great deal of variation in the
amount and shape of dark coloring on the head ; in some
specimens the ocelli are connected by a dark V-shaped
mark ; in others each ocellus is surrounded by a black
ring while in still others the head is almost uniformly
light brown. Hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other. Antennae yellowish at the base, except the first
segment which is fuscous, blackish towards the tip.
Prothorax light to dark brown, sometimes with a yel-
lowish, median longitudinal stripe ; wider than long ; nar-
rowed behind ; sides nearly straight ; front angles sub-
acute, hind angles somewhat rounded ; surface rugulose.
Legs brown ; femora often darker on the outside ; tarsi
darker, first and second segments very short, third at
least twice as long as one and two combined. Wings sub-
hyaline to heavily infuscated with a yellow costal mar-
gin ; veins brown except costa, subcosta and costal cross-
veins which are lemon yellow (the yellow costal margin
is very pronounced in the darker specimens) ; subcosta
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 159
reaches to the cord or very nearly so ; eight or more costal
crossveins before the end of subcosta and several beyond ;
radial sector usually with three branches ; hind wing with
a large anal field and with several cubital crossveins.
Abdomen yellowish ; cerci yellowish at base, inf uscated
towards the tip ; the middle segment 4-5 times as long as
wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and rounded
behind; tenth tergite entire, produced backward into a
broadly rounded lobe ; subanal lobes modified into slender,
finger-like, upturned processes which bear on the anterior
side, near the tip, a small tooth.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
somewhat produced into a truncate subgenital plate which
is notched in the middle and beset with long hairs.
Distribution. — Type, male, No. 253, Washington, in the
Hagen Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.
Vermont, Dummerston, July 14, 1908 (C. W.
Johnson) .
Massachusetts, Swansea, July 12, N. S. Easton;
So. Framingham (C. A. Frost).
Connecticut, Middletown, June 17, 1909 (C. W.
Johnson).
New Jersey, Jamesburg, July 2.
Maryland, Plummer's Island, May 18, 1915 (A. H.
Pottinger) .
Virginia, Dixie Landing, May 25.
West Virginia, Youghiogheny River, Cransville,
July 22, 1914 (R. P..Currie).
Pennsylyania, Harrisburg, July 7, 1919; Allegh.
Co., June 11, 1899 (E. B. Williamson) ; Presi-
dent, July 3-4, 1922 (J. B. Palmer) ; West-
chester Co. (J. C. Bradley).
New York, Ithaca, May 15-August ; Youngstown,
July 20 (C. P. Alexander).
North Carolina, Raleigh, July 20, 1907; Southern
Pines, Apr. 28 (A. H. Manee).
Georgia, Blackshear, May 10, 1911 (J. C. Bradley).
Texas.
Wisconsin, Milwaukee Co.
Indiana. Elkhart, June 18, 1902 (Weith).
Michigan, Ann Arbor, July 1-11.
Minnesota, Ramsey Co., Univ. Farm, Minneapolis,
July 10, 1921 (W. E. Hoffman) ; St. Paul, June
25-29, 1921 (W. E. Hoffman).
160
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Illinois, Fox River, June 25-27 ; Lake Forest, June
24-27 (J. G. Needham) ; 111. River, Ottawa.
Iowa, Fairport, July, 1916.
Kansas, Baldwin, June (J. C. Bridwell) ; Riley Co.,
June 25 (Kimball) ; Miami Co., 1915 (R. H.
Beamer) ; Lawrence, Douglas Co., June 21-
August (P. W. Claassen).
Genus ATOPERLA Banks.
1905. Atoperla Banks, Psyche, 12:56.
1907. Atoperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Brown, slender stoneflies, 9 to 16 mm. in length ;
with two ocelli about as far from each other as from the
eyes ; f orewing with one to three crossveins between first
and second anal veins.
Head a little wider than
prothorax ; usually with an in-
f uscated or black squarish
mark enclosing the ocelli; two
ocelli, the anterior ocellus ab-
sent or sometimes indicated by
a small dot or depression.
Antennae brown, lighter at
base.
Prothorax wider than long,
somewhat narrowed behind ;
brown; slightly rugose; legs
brown, first and second tarsal
segments very short, subequal,
third tarsal segment about
twice as long as one and two
combined. Wings subhyaline to
f umose ; usually no costal cross-
veins before end of subcosta;
and one to four costal cross-
veins beyond the end of sub-
costa; radial sector with two
branches beyond the cord ; one
to three crossveins between
first and second anal veins of
forewing; hind wing with a
large anal field and with two to
Pig. i'i. Atoperla ephyre Newm. four cubital crossveins.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 161
Cerci lighter at base, dark towards the tip, the middle
segments four to five times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and bearing
at the tip a yellow, transversely rounded knob ; tenth ab-
dominal tergite entire and normally retracted within seg-
ment nine ; subanal lobes modified into slender, finger-like
processes which recurve upon the tenth tergite ; supra-
anal lobe not modified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal ster-
nite somewhat produced and deeply and squarely
notched in the middle.
Genotype, Perl a ephyre Newman.
Distribution. — East of the Mississippi River.
Atoperla ephyre Newman.
(Plate 15, fig. 3; plate 24, figs. 10-14.)
1832. Perla ephyre Newman, Mag. Nat. Hist., 3:S7.
1S42. Perla ephyre Pictet, Ins. Neurop., p. 283.
1852. Perla ephyre Walker, Cat., p. 168.
1861. Pcrhi ephyre Hagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 28.
1892. Perla ephyre Banks, Cat., p. 341.
1894. Perla ephyre Banks, Ent. News, 5:178
1907. Perla ephyre Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1907. Perla ephyre Tucker, Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull., 4:78.
1862. Perla producta Walsh, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 365.
1892. Perla producta Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1907. Perla producta Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1862. Perla fumipennis Walsh, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 366.
1892. Perla fumipennis Banks, Cat., 342.
1907. NeoperJa fumipennis Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-12 mm. ; female, 13-16
mm. Expanse, male, 16-20 mm. ; female, 22-28 mm.
General color dark brown with subhyaline to fumose
wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; with a blackish or
fuscous, quadrangular spot enclosing the ocelli and in
front extending outward to the brown lateral tubercles;
frontal ridge quite distinct; two ocelli which are a little
closer to the eyes than to each other. (In some speci-
mens there is a faint impression in the spot where the
anterior ocellus occurs when present.) Antennae brown,
except segments two and eight which are yellowish.
Prothorax slightly narrower than head ; wider than
long; a little narrowed behind; brown to blackish, some-
times variegated with yellow and brown; front angles
narrowly, hind angles more broadly rounded ; surface
somewhat rugose. Legs brown; femora somewhat dark-
er above ; tarsi darker, first and second tarsal segments
short, subequal, third tarsal segment at least twice as
162 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
long as one and two combined. Wings subhyaline to dark
fumose; base of costa, subcosta and radius usually yel-
low; no costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
(rarely one or two faint crossveins) and one to four costal
crossveins beyond the end of subcosta; subcosta ends just
before the cord; radial sector with two branches; fore-
wing with one to three crossveins between first and sec-
ond anal veins ; hind wing with a large anal field ; two tc
four cubital crossveins.
Abdomen brown, lighter underneath, in the male the
ninth sternite is yellowish. Cerci with the first 6-8 seg-
ments usually yellowish, beyond the segments are tipped
with brown, becoming entirely brown at the tip; middle
segments 4-5 times as long as wide.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite much produced and
bearing near the end a yellow, transversely rounded knob,
the area each side of the knob being deeply excavated;
tenth abdominal segment entire, normally retracted with-
in nine; subanal lobes modified into slender, sharply
pointed, finger-like processes which recurve upon the
tenth tergite ; supra-anal process not developed.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
slightly produced into a bilobed subgenital plate, some-
what truncate behind and medially with a squarish notch ;
ninth sternite each side with a dark mark. (In some fe-
males the lobes of the subgenital plate, each side of the
median notch, are more produced and square at the tip.)
Distribution. — June 9-July 19, Ithaca, N. Y. ; July 31,
1922, Canandaigua Lake, Naples, N. Y. (M. D. Leonard) ;
one male, June 16, Pa.; male and female, May 26, Hot
Springs, Ark. ; one male, N. C. ; one female, April 17, 1903,
Raleigh, N. C. (C. S. Brimley) ; one male, June 10, N.
Reading, Mass. (C. W. Johnson) .
Genus PERLINELLA Banks.
1900. Perlinella Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 26:242.
1907. Perlmella lJ>;mks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1909. Perlinella Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:389.
Medium sized stoneflies 10-19 mm. in length; brown,
with two broad yellow stripes on pronotum and with a
row of crossveins in anal field of forewings.
Head a little wider than prothorax; yellow with two
large black spots, one covering the ocellar triangle and ex-
tending outward toward the base of the antennae and the
other over the clypeus in front of the yellow frontal ridge ;
three ocelli, the hind ocelli about as close to each other
as to the eyes. Antennae blackish.
PLECOPTERxV OF NORTH AMERICA
163
Prothorax wider than
long, a little narrowed be-
hind; all angles rounded;
brown with a broad yellow
longitudinal stripe on each
disc, leaving a narrow
brown median line and
brown margins ; surface
somewhat rugose. First
two tarsal segments very
short, subequal ; third tar-
sal segment at least twice
as long as one and two
combined. Wings subhya-
line to f umose ; few or no
costal crossveins before
end of subcosta and one
to four beyond ; two to
four crossveins between
first and second anal veins
of forewing; hind wing
with a large anal field and
a series of cubital cross-
veins.
Abdomen brown, with
two long slender cerci,
whose middle segments
are at least four to five
times as long as wide.
Ninth abdominal sternite produced and rounded
and bearing before the apex a raised, yel-
low, transverse knob or hammer; tenth tergite en-
tire; subanal lobes modified into slender, fingerlike, re-
curved hooks ; supra-anal process not developed.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
slightly produced and medially broadly and deeply
notched.
Genotype, Isogenus dry mo Newm.
Distribution. — East of the Mississippi River.
Fig. 22. PerlineUa drymo Newm.
Male
behind
164 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Perlinella drymo Newman.
(Plate 24, figs. 6, 7. 8, !», and text fig. 7.)
1839. Isogenus drymo Newman, Mag. Nat. Hist., 3:86.
1852. Isogenus dry mo Walker, Cat., p. 146.
1861. Perla drymo Eagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 19.
1863. Perla drymo Hagen, Stet. Ent. Zeit., p. 371.
1892. Perla drymo Banks, Cat., p. 341.
1907. Isogenus drymo Banks, Cat. Nenrop., p. 11.
1862. Perla elongata Walsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phil., p. 366.
1892. Perla elongata Banks, Cat., p. Mil.
1907. Perlinella elongata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1895. Perla trivittata Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 22:313.
1907. Perlinella trivittata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1909. Perlinella trivittata Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:389.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10.5-16 mm. ; female, 16-
19 mm. Expanse, male, 19-28 mm. ; female, 28-34 mm.
General color brown ; head yellow with two blackish
spots; pronotum with two wide longitudinal yellow
stripes.
Head a little wider than prothorax; yellowish with a
large black mark over the ocellar triangle, bounded in
front by the yellow frontal ridge and extending outward
toward the base of the antennae; another black mark on
the clypeus in front of the frontal ridge ; a small dark
area just behind the eyes; hind ocelli a little closer to the
eyes than to each other. Antennae blackish.
Prothorax much wider than long, slightly narrowed
behind ; with a narrow, median, longitudinal dark line and
each side of this with a wide yellow longitudinal stripe,
narrowed before the front margin ; lateral margins dark
brown ; all angles rounded. Legs dark brown to blackish ;
coxae and trochanters luteous ; first and second tarsal
segments very short, subequal, third tarsal segment more
than twice as long as one and two combined. Wings sub-
hyaline to fumose; subcosta reaches to the cord or very
nearly so, usually without any costal crossveins before
the end of subcosta and from one to four costal crossveins
beyond the end of subcosta; three to four crossveins be-
tween first and second anal veins of f orewing ; hind wing
with a large anal area and with a series of cubital cross-
veins.
Abdomen brown to blackish, usually lighter under-
neath. Cerci black, long and slender.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced, evenly
rounded behind and before the apex with a raised yellow
transverse knob or hammer; the area each side of the
knob excavated ; tenth tergite entire with the median
area somewhat depressed behind ; subanal lobes modified
into slender, pointed, fingerlike processes which recurve
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMERICA
165
upon the tenth tergite ; supra-anal process not developed.
In cleared specimens there appear a pair of chitinized,
flattened, elongate, curved processes within segment nine ;
these processes bear a series of teeth on the outer edges
as shown in PI. 24, fig. 7. These processes, lying in the side
walls of the penis, evidently function in copulation.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite a
little produced, with a broad median notch ; ninth ster-
nite each side with a rounded dark mark.
Distribution.— May 23, 1900, Deer River, N. Y.; June
17, Sport Island, Sacandaga R., N. Y. (C. P. Alexander) ;
May 18-July 7, Ithaca, N. Y. ; July 15, Capens, Me. (C. W.
Johnson) ; June 16, Jord Pond, Mt. Desert, Me. (C. W.
Johnson) ; July 24, 1907, Alton, N. H. (J. A. Cushman) ;
Canobie Lake, N. H. (Geo. Dimmock) ; July,- Princeton,
Mass. (L. W. Swett) ; Apr. 29, Manchester, N. J. ; Elkhart,
Ind. ; June 28, Knoxville, Tenn. ; North Carolina.
Genus PELTOPERLA Needham.
1905. Peltoperla Needham, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18:107.
1907. Peltoperla Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
1916. Peltoperla Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:S0.
This genus includes spe-
cies varying from 9 mm. to
30 mm. in length. It is char-
acterized by the possession
of but two ocelli; by a short
head retracted under the
front of a v/ide prothorax;
long antennae ; and very
short caudal cerci that are
often hardly longer than the
abdomen is wide.
General color brown to
blackish.
Head narrower than pro-
thorax, yellowish to brown-
ish, usually with a diffused
spot over the middle area;
ocelli usually closer to eyes
than to each other ; seg-
ments of palpi increase in
length to the tip; antennae
long, darker towards the tip.
Prothorax much wider than
long, mostly with broadly
flaring margins ; not widened
posteriorly ; front angles
Fig. 23.
Peltoperla cora Ndm.
& Sm.
166 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
sharp or narrowly rounded ; hind angles mostly broadly
rounded ; surface with large, irregular, flattened rugosi-
ties. Legs yellowish to brownish ; first two tarsal seg-
ments very short, subequal, third segment very long,
much longer than one and two combined. Wings subhy-
aline to blackish inf uscated ; numerous costal crossveins ;
subcosta terminates before the cord ; the branches of Cul
in the f orewing usually originate from the anterior side ;
hind wing with a large anal field ; usually no cubital cross-
veins in hind wing, except the end ones.
Abdomen with two short cerci.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite prolonged and evenly
rounded behind, bearing at or near the front mar-
gin a thickened button-like knob; from the base of the
knob two divergent lines to the posterior margin of the
ninth sternite, and the area between these lines usually
sunken; subanal lobes broadly triangular, upcurved;
supra-anal process developed into an upturned lobe, va-
riously modified.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
either unmodified or produced into a rounded or notched
subgenital plate.
Genotype, Peltoperla arcuata Ndm.
Key to the Species of Peltoperla.
1. Western species; males with a transverse knob
on the ninth abdominal sternite located some
distance back of the anterior margin; females
with a large, wide subgenital plate which covers
most of the ninth sternite and medially is
notched 2
Eastern species; males with a rounded knob on
the anterior margin of the ninth abdominal
sternite, the knob as wide as long; female plate
usually without a median notch, or when
notched the plate is only slightly produced 4
2. Ocelli closer to each other than to the eyes ; wings
usually heavily inf uscated ; a large species,
males, 18-21 mm. in length, females 23-26 mm. ;
male supra-anal process composed of a globose
membranous lobe; female plate broadly emar-
ginate cora
Ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; wings
not heavily inf uscated; size 9-18 mm. in length 3
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 167
3. Small species, 9-13 mm. long; radial sector with
two branches ; male with a globose, membra-
nous supra-anal lobe; female with a narrowly
notched subgenital plate brevis
Larger species, 18 mm. long; radial sector with
three branches ; supra-anal process of male
composed of a median, chitinized knob, with a
membranous wing each side; female unknown
thyra
4. Supra-anal process of male with a median, slen-
der, chitinized rod, partly surrounded by a
membrane; female subgenital plate broad and
evenly rounded and reaching almost entirely
across the ninth sternite arcuata
Supra-anal process of male without a median chi-
tinized rod, globose and membranous ; female
plate either not produced or somewhat pro-
duced and evenly rounded or emarginate in the
middle 5
5. Subgenital plate of female not at all produced;
males 16 mm. long, females 20 mm. long__a////a
Subgenital plate of female somewhat produced ;
males less than 16 mm. long; females 15-18
mm. long 6
6. Subgenital plate of female emarginate, color
brown; male unknown maria
Subgenital plate of female evenly rounded, color
usually dirty yellowish; male genitalia as in
anna cornelia
Peltoperla cornelia Needham and Smith.
(Plate 31, figs. 4, 5, 6.)
1916. Peltoperla cornelia Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:84.
1916. Peltoperla dorothea Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:84.
1916. Peltoperla ada Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:86.
Length to tip of wings, male, 12-14 mm. ; female, 14-18
mm. Expanse, male, 22-28 mm. ; female, 24-30 mm.
General color yellowish to brown.
Head yellow, usually with a diffused spot over the me-
dian area in front of the ocelli ; and usually black on the
inside of the ocelli; ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other; antennae yellowish, somewhat darker towards the
tip.
Prothorax wider than head, yellowish to brownish;
nearly twice as wide as long; front margin slightly con-
cave; hind margin broadly rounded; somewhat narrowed
168 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
behind ; front angles almost sharp ; hind angles broadly
rounded ; surface moderately rugose. Legs yellowish,
with a dark basal knee-cap on the outside of the tibiae,
tips of tarsi darker. Wings yellowish to smoky hyaline;
veins brown ; subcosta ends a considerable distance before
the cord ; 13-16 costal crossveins before the end of sub-
costa and 7-10 beyond; radial sector with three to four
branches.
Abdomen yellowish. Cerci yellow; the basal segment
about as long as the following four segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and rounded
behind, at the median basal area with a rounded knob
which is about as wide as long; from the base of the knob
two divergent ridges, the area between these ridges us-
ually sunken ; tenth tergite partly cleft ; supra-anal proc-
ess consists of a bulbose membranous lobe whose sides
are slightly chitinized ; subanal lobes triangular, upturned
and quite sharply pointed.
Female. The hind margin of the eighth abdominal
sternite produced into a broad evenly rounded subgenital
plate which usually reaches at least halfway across the
following segment.
Distribution. — Type, female, May 4, 1906, Cornelia, Ga.
(Cornell University Collection) ; one male, May 31, Rama-
po, N. Y. (Wm. T. Davis) ; males and females, May-June,
Black Mts., N. C. (Wm. Beutenmiiller) ; one female, May
24, 1911, Black Rock Mountain, Ga. (J. C. Bradley).
Peltoperla anna Needham and Smith.
(Plate 31, fig. 8; plate 15, fig. 5.)
1916. Peltoperla anna Needham and Smith, Can. Ent.. 48:83.
Length to tip of wings, male, 16 mm. ; female, 20 mm.
Expanse, male, 31 mm. ; female, 37 mm.
General color yellowish.
Head yellow, black between the ocelli ; narrower than
prothorax ; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other ; an-
tennae yellow, darker towards the tip.
Prothorax yellowish brown, the median portion of each
side of the disc a little darker ; about half again as wide as
long; front margin nearly straight; hind margin broadly
rounded ; front angles narrowly, hind angles very broad-
ly rounded ; surface moderately rugose. Legs yellow, with
a knee-cap of brownish on the base of the tibia externally
and the tips of the tarsi brownish. Wings yellowish hy-
aline with brownish veins ; subcosta ends much before the
cord; 10-14 costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMERICA 169
and 7-10 beyond ; radial sector with 3 or 4 branches. Ab-
domen yellowish, darker towards the tip. Cerci brown,
basal segment about as long as the following three seg-
ments in the female and somewhat longer in the male.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and' rounded
behind, at the median basal portion with a rounded knob
which is about as wide as long ; from the base of the knob
two divergent ridges, the area between them being some-
what sunken; tenth tergite partially cleft; supra-anal
process consists of a broad rounded membranous lobe
whose sides are slightly chitinized ; subanal lobes tri-
angular, upturned, pointed.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite not
produced into a subgenital plate.
Distribution. — Type, male and female, May 21, 1911,
Burton, Ga. (J. C. Bradley, in Cornell University Collec-
tion). This species is very similar to P. cornelia and may
be only a variety of that species.
Peltoperla maria Needham and Smith.
(Plate 31, fig. 7.)
3916. Peltoperla maria Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:82.
Length to tip of wings, female, 15 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 27 mm.
General color brown.
Head yellowish with a diffused brownish blotch over
the median area in front of the ocelli ; ocelli small, about
twice as close to the eyes as to each other; antennae
brown, somewhat paler at the base.
Prothorax brown ; the large irregular flat rugosities a
little darker; front margin nearly straight, hind margin
broadly rounded ; front angles narrowly, hind angles
broadly rounded; a little narrowed behind; twice as wide
as long. Legs yellowish, a narrow transverse dark band
at the tip of the femora. Wings yellowish hyaline, veins
brown ; subcosta terminates considerably before the cord ;
13-14 costal crossveins before the end of the subcosta
and 7-8 beyond ; radial sector with three branches.
Abdomen yellow, dark at the tip. Cerci brown, the
basal segment about as long as the following three.
Male, unknown.
Female. Hind margin of the eighth abdominal sternite
slightly produced in a subgenital plate which is medially
widely notched.
Distribution. — Type, female, May 20, 1913, Pelham,
Mass., (Lucy W. Smith, Cornell University Collection).
This may prove to be synonym of P. anna Ndm. & Sm.
170 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Peltoperla arcuata Needham.
(Plate 31, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
L905. Peltoperla arcuata Needham, Proc. Biol. Sue. Wash., 18:108.
1907. Peltoperla arcuata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 12.
Length to tip of wings, male, 14-15 mm. ; female, 18
mm. Expanse, male, 27-28 mm. ; female, 34 mm.
General color brown.
Head brown, a little more obscure over the ocellar area ;
much narrower than the prothorax; ocelli large, with a
black mark on the inside ; about twice as close to the eyes
as to each other ; antennae brown, darker towards the tip.
Prothorax brown, nearly twice as wide as long ; surface
with broad, flat irregular rugosities ; front margin nearly
straight ; hind margin convex ; sides nearly straight ; us-
ually somewhat narrowed behind ; front angles narrowly
rounded ; hind angles angulate and more broadly rounded.
Legs yellowish, darker at the joints ; tarsi dark. Wings
brownish hyaline; veins brown; subcosta ends much be-
fore the cord; 13-16 costal crossveins before the end of
sub-costa and 6-8 beyond; radial sector with about four
branches.
Abdomen yellowish, darker towards the tip; setae yel-
low, with about 14-15 segments, the basal segment being
very long.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite somewhat produced,
evenly rounded behind and bearing at the base of the seg-
ment a rounded knob which is as long as it is wide ; from
the base of the knob originate two divergent ridges, the
median portion of the ninth sternite being sunken ; tenth
tergite partially cleft, each side with a slightly raised,
rounded knob ; supra-anal lobe composed of a median,
slender, chitinized, upturned process which at the base is
partially surrounded by a membranous sheath ; subanal
lobes large upturned and rather sharply pointed.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broad, evenly rounded, subgenital plate
which covers most of the ninth sternite.
Distribution. — Type, female, June 1891, Ithaca, N. Y.
(R. H. Pettit, in the Cornell University Collection) ; one
male, Ithaca, N. Y. ; one male, 3-4 July, 1923, President,
Pa. (J. B. Palmer) .
Peltoperla thyra Needham and Smith.
(Plate 15, fig. 2; plate 31, figs. 9, 10.)
1916. Peltoperla thyra Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:87.
Length to tip of wings, male, 18 mm.; expanse, male,
30 mm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 171
General color yellowish brown. Head obscure, but little
darker around the ocelli ; ocelli large, half again as close
to the eyes as to each other; antennae yellowish at base,
darker towards the tip.
Prothorax nearly uniformly yellowish brown, somewhat
rugose ; not quite twice as wide as long ; narrowed behind ;
front angles quite sharp, hind angles broadly but some-
what angulately rounded. Legs yellow, with tips of tibiae
and tarsi darker. Wings yellowish hyaline; veins amber
brown; subcosta reaches almost to the cord; 15-16 costal
crossveins before the cord, not counting the humeral
crossvein, and 4-5 beyond subcosta; radial sector with
three branches.
Abdomen yellowish, with the apical segments much
darker; tails yellowish, basally, darker towards the apex,
composed of about 15 segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite is divided by a U-
shaped suture or depressed area, which separates off the
upturned posterior lobe from the basal part of the seg-
ment, and just before the suture on the midventral line
there is a transverse, chitinized, raised knob ; this knob is
not elevated upon a stalk, but merely caps the midventral
portion of the hind margin of this basal half of the ninth
sternite; ninth tergite broadly excavated on the hind
margin, a V-shaped notch almost dividing it in two in the
median line. The edges of the V are upturned and chiti-
nized. Tenth tergite reduced to a very narrow, thinly chiti-
nized ring; supra-anal process short, recurved, knobbed
at the end and bearing two thinner, wing-like ap-
pendages at its sides; the median terminal knob bears at
the margin a row of sharp teeth. Within the apex of the
ninth segment there are visible a pair of chitinized ap-
pendages, the nature of which is unknown. They are con-
tiguous at the base and widely divergent at the tips,
gradually tapering to a sharp point.
Female, unknown.
Distribution. — Holotype male, Nevada, Cornell Univer
sity Collection.
Peltoperla brevis Banks.
(Plate 15, fig. 1; plate 31, figs. 11, 12, 13.)
1907. Peltoperla brevis Banks, Can. Ent., 39:328.
1916. Peltoperla brevis Needham and Smith, Can. Ent., 48:80, 82, 85.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-11 mm. ; female, 10-13
mm. Expanse, male, 16-19 mm.; female, 17-23 mm.
General color brown to blackish.
Head brown to blackish over the middle area, with yel-
172 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
lowish lateral margins and often with the hind margin
of the occiput yellowish ; lateral tubercles small, shiny ;
ocelli a little closer to the eyes than to each other. An-
tennae yellowish at base, except the first segment which
is brown, brown toward the tip.
Prothorax dark brown, with the front and hind mar-
gin usually a little lighter; nearly twice as wide as long;
front margin usually straight, hind margin rounded;
front angles quite sharp, hind angles narrowly rounded;
somewhat widened behind ; surface somewhat rugose.
Legs yellowish brown. Wings somewhat infuscated ; the
veins heavy brown ; 13-14 costal crossveins before the end
of subcosta and 2 or 3 beyond ; subcosta ends much be-
fore the cord ; radial sector with two branches.
Abdomen brown, a little lighter underneath, especially
towards the tip. Tails brown, short, with about 7 to 9
segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite prolonged beyond the
tip of the abdomen, evenly rounded behind, with a yel-
low transverse knob in the center; from the base of the
knob two diagonal grooves extend toward the hind lateral
margin; tenth abdominal segment almost wholly with-
drawn within the ninth segment ; subanal lobes broadly
triangular and not noticeably recurved at the tip; supra-
anal lobe largely membranous and in the form of a glo-
bose bulb with faint chitinization at the base.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
broad, medially notched subgenital plate which normally
reaches almost entirely across the ninth sternite.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11381, Aug. 21, Gla-
cier, B. C, and another specimen, July 3, 1901, Port Ren-
frew, B. C. (in Banks Collection, Mus. Comp Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.) ; one male, six females, July 16, 1907, Per-
melia L., Mt. Jefferson, Ore. (J, C. Bridwell) ; one female,
July 16, 1911, Marv's Peak, Ore.; one female, July 25,
1920, Paradise Val., Mt. Ranier, Wash. (E. C. Van Dyke) ;
two males, one female, June 27, 1921, Yosemite Val., Cal.
(E. C. Van Dyke) ; two males, 7-3-16, Eldorado Co., Calif.
(A. C. Browne).
Peltoperla cora Needham and Smith.
(Plate 31, figs. 14, 15, 16.)
1916. Peltoperla cora Needham and Smith, ('an. Ent., 48:86.
Length to tip of wings, male, 18-21 mm. ; female, 23-26
mm. Expanse, male, 34-39 mm. ; female, 42-49 mm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 173
General color brown to dark brown with the wings
lightly to heavily infuscated.
Head much narrower than pronotum; yellowish to al-
most black (in some specimens yellow with a large me-
dian dark diffused area) ; ocelli small, much closer to each
other than to the eyes ; antennae brown to blackish, some-
what lighter at the base.
Prothorax brown to blackish with the margins some-
times yellowish ; front margin concave, hind margin near-
ly straight, sides bulging out somewhat and a little nar-
rowed behind; much wider than long; front angles some-
what rounded ; hind angles almost sharp ; margins strong-
ly flaring; surface quite rugose. Legs brown, darker
above. Wings moderately to heavily infuscated, some-
times quite blackish ; veins dark brown to blackish ; sub-
costa reaches almost to the cord; 13-17 costal crossveins
before the end of subcosta and 4-9 beyond; radial sector
usually with 4-5 branches.
Abdomen brownish, lighter underneath. Cerci brown
at the base, darker toward the tip, short and abruptly
tapering; basal segment a little shorter than the follow-
ing three segments.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced and evenly
rounded behind, bearing some distance forward from the
hind margin a narrow, transverse, rounded knob ; from
the sides of this knob two divergent ridges and the area
between these ridges sunken; tenth tergite triangular
with the tips upturned ; supra-anal lobe consists of a mem-
branous, globose lobe.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
produced into a broad subgenital plate which covers most
or all of the following segment, with a wide and shallow
apical emargination.
Distribution. — Type, female, 1878, Reno, Nev. (Morri-
son, in the Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; four fe-
males, ten males, June 8-29, Shasta Springs, Calif. (C. L.
Fox and E. P. Van Duzee).
Genus ACRONEURIA Pictet.
1841. Acroneuria Pictet, Perlides, p. 144.
1909. Acroneuria Klapalek, Bull. Internal;. Ac-ad. Sci. Boheme, pp.
1-14.
Large stoneflies, 20-40 mm. in length {A. pumila Bks. is
somewhat smaller) . Head wider than pronotum, either
concolorous or with a dark area over the ocellar triangle
and over the clypeus ; frontal ridge in the form of a broad
174
THOMAS SAY 10CXDATIOX
letter M ; lateral tubercles more or less oval in outline ; the
three ocelli forming an almost equilateral triangle; hind
ocelli larger than the anterior ocellus and closer to each
other than to the eyes; antennae brown, lighter at base.
Prothorax wider than
long, the angles sharp
or narrowly rounded ;
surface not strongly
rugose ; the rugosities
in the form of longitudi-
nally outcurvecl, more
or less broken, lines,
leaving a median longi-
tudinal smooth field
which is narrowest in
the middle. Legs yel-
lowish; femora usually
with a broad, dark
transverse band just be-
fore the distal end.
Wings uniformly hya-
line or subhyaline. Ab-
domen brown ; cerci or
tails about as long as
abdomen, the basal seg-
ments (except the first)
much wider than long
and more or less dis-
tinctly separated, grad-
ually tapering toward
the tip and rather
thickly covered with
short hairs.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite produced beneath so
as to cover segment 10 completely, and bearing a
rounded or squarish raised tubercle or hammer. The
tenth abdominal segment almost completely withdrawn
into segment 9. The subanal lobes are produced dorsally
into short recurved hamules which recurve over the ab-
domen and reach onto the dorsal surface of the tenth ter-
gite. The ninth, tenth and sometimes eighth tergites
usually bear numerous short spines.
Female. The hind margin of the eighth sternite
either unmodified or produced into a distinct subgenital
plate.
Fig. 24. Acroneuria abnormis Newm.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 175
Distribution. — This genus ranges over the entire area of
the United States and Canada.
Acroneuria is closely allied to the genus Perla, from
which the males may be separated by the presence of the
hammer on the ninth sternite and the structure of the
subanal lobes which have been modified into recurved
genital hooks. There seems to be considerable variation
in the structure of individuals within single species of this
genus. Even the genital structures may show some varia-
tion. The eggs, however, have proved to be quite con-
stant within the species and often serve to identify the
females in doubtful cases.
The genus Acroneuria, as the name implies, was origi-
nally based on the presence of crossveins in the outer sub-
marginal field of the wings, between the tips of the regu-
lar longitudinal veins and this character holds for most of
the species within the genus; but there is considerable
variation ; some species have many crossveins while oth-
ers have few or none. The number of crossveins varies
also within the same species, and even between the right
and left wings of the same individual.
Genotype, Pcrla arcnosa Pictet.
Among the numerous species described by the older
authors, A. abnormis appears to be the only one that has
been correctly identified by all those who have discussed
the genus. The others were found to be in a confusion
that seemed at first to be inextricable. But a restudy of
the types and topotypes in American collections, a com-
parison of notes made from types in European collections
by helpfully minded colleagues, and adequate collections
from typical localities, have enabled us to identify all the
species of the older authors with some assurance.
Key to the Species of Acroneuria.
1. Fore wings suddenly widened beyond origin of
Rs. Color wholly yellow. Female subgenital
plate bilobed, the median notch rectangular.
Male genital hooks cylindrical, bearing at the
base a bunch of hairs ; hammer small, longi-
tudinally oval ; segments 9 and 10 above with
short spines mnthenes
Forewings gradually widened to stigma. Color
not wholly yellow 2
2. Second anal vein of hind wing many (about 12)
branched, the branches variously anastomos-
ing. Female subgenital plate produced over half
176 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
of segment 9, the hind margin evenly rounded.
Male genital hooks cylindrical, sharp; hammer
small, transversely oval; segments 8, 9 and 10
above with short spines arenosa
Second anal vein of hind wing 3-6 branched 3
3. Crossveins numerous over the entire area in fore-
wing beyond the cord ; usually a pair of trian-
gular dark spots on head behind the ocelli point-
ing inward. Female subgenital plate slightly
produced, hind margin even. Male genital hooks
flat, triangular, sharp; hammer transversely
oval ; segments 9 and 10 above with short
spines abnormis
Area beyond the cord in fore wing not entirely
filled in with crossveins ; no triangular spots on
head behind ocelli 4
4. Head with a blackish spot covering the ocellar
triangle; Eastern species 5
Head usually pale or concolorous above includ-
ing the ocellar triangle (pacifica sometimes
with black over the ocellar triangle) 8
5. With very few (1-4) crossveins in the area be-
yond the cord; female subgenital plate evenly
rounded or somewhat excavated. Male genital
hooks flattened, triangular, sharp ; hammer
small, transversely oval, segments 9 and 10
above with short spines 6
With a larger number of crossveins in the area
beyond the cord ; female subgenital plate not
evenly rounded ; male genital hooks long cylin-
drical ; segments 9 and 10 above with short
spines, (male of trijuncta not known) 7
6. Black spot over ocellar triangle rounded behind;
female subgenital plate produced, hind margin
either evenly rounded, truncate in the middle,
or somewhat excavated lycorias
Black spot over ocellar triangle angulate behind ;
female subgenital plate produced, hind margin
angulately emarginated in the middle
carolinensis
7. Subgenital plate of female produced somewhat
and bearing two flap-like lobes. These lobes are
often found to be laid back over the plate so
that the plate appears to be more or less evenly
rounded internata
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 177
Subgenital plate of female produced over about
half the length of segment 9, and bearing in
the middle a short declivitous narrowed por-
tion trijuncta
8. Head and thorax wholly blackish ; no extra cross-
veins beyond the cord. Female subgenital plate
not produced, hind margin entire. Male genital
hooks short cylindrical ; hammer large, longi-
tudinally rectangular, surface ridged ; no spines
above on segments 9 and 10 theodora
Head and thorax pale or obscure, never wholly
blackish 9
9. Usually with no crossveins beyond the cord; fe-
male subgenital plate not produced; western
species 10
With crossveins beyond the cord ; female sub-
genital plate produced and variously modified- 11
10. Vein Sc weak and indefinite at its tip. Female
subgenital plate cut straight across apex. Male
genital hooks flat, triangular ; hammer large,
transversely oval ; segments 9 and 10 above
with short spines. Expanse of wings 50-70
mm. depressa
Vein Sc stronger and definite at its tips. Fe-
male subgenital plate not produced but some-
what emarginate in middle, 9th ventral seg-
ment of female with a rounded spot each side.
Male genital hooks cylindrical ; hammer longi-
tudinally rectangular; no spines above on seg-
ments 9 and 10. Expanse of wings 40-55 mm.
calif ornica
11. Prothorax quadrangular 12
Prothorax strongly narrowed behind georgiana
12. Median longitudinal depressed area between the
rugosities of the pronotum wide (about 1/6 of
width of pronotum). Male genital hooks flat,
short and very broadly triangular, as wide as
long ; hammer transversely oval ; female sub-
genital plate produced, and evenly rounded.
Western species 13
Median longitudinal area of pronotum narrow
(about 1/10 of width of pronotum) ; male geni-
tal hooks not as wide as long; female subgeni-
tal plate variously modified. Eastern species__ 14
178 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
13. Size large. Expanse of wings 30-50 mm. Fe-
male subgenital plate produced over half of seg-
ment 9, the hind margin slightly angulate and
usually bearing at the apex a squarish shiny
spot pacifica
Size smaller. Expanse of wings 18-30 mm. Fe-
male subgenital plate produced over two-thirds
of 9, the margin evenly rounded and not bearing
at the apex a shiny spot . jrumila
14. Female subgenital plate much produced, either
bilobed or bearing a declivitous projection. Male
genital hooks cylindrical, segments 9 and 10
above with short spines 15
Female subgenital plate not much produced, hind
margin more or less evenly rounded. Male geni-
tal hooks flattened, triangular 16
15. Female subgenital plate narrow at base and at
the apex two-lobed. Male genital hooks cylin-
drical, slender and usually outcurved, hammer
small, somewhat circular arida
Female subgenital plate with a declivitous pro-
jection whose hind margin is entire. Male geni-
tal hooks more broadly cylindrical and usually
straight, hammer large, transversely oval
ez 'oluta
16. Female subgenital plate somewhat produced,
evenly rounded and bearing before the apex a
transverse narrow tubercle. Male genital hooks
flat, broadly triangular, hammer transversely
oval, segments 9 and 10 above without short
spines ruralis
Female subgenital plate somewhat produced, the
hind margin slightly angulate, no tubercle be-
fore the apex. Male genital hooks flat, narrow-
ly triangular, hammer transversely oval, seg-
ments 9 and 10 above with short spines
pennsyh'anica
Acroneuria abnormis Newm.
(Plate in, fig. 1; plate 28, figs. 3, 4; plate 30, fig. 12.)
1838. Perla abnormis Newman. Ent. Mag. 5:177.
1842. Acroneuria abnormis Pietet, Ins. Neurop. (Perlides), 180.
1852. Perla abnormis Walker. Cat.. 147.
1861. Perla abnormis Hagen, Syn. Neur. X. Am., 17.
1873. Perla abnormis Hagen, Geol. and Geog. Sur. Col., 574.
1892. Acroneuria abnormis Banks, Cat., 341.
1894. Acroneuria abnormis Banks, Ent. News, 5:178.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 179
1907. Acroncuria dbnormis Banks, Cat., 10.
1908. Acroneuria dbnormis Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11:150.
1909. Acroneuria dbnormis Klapalek, Bui. Acad. Bokeme, 14:5.
1922. Acroneuria dbnormis Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:252.
1851. Acroneuria sonans Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc. Loudon, 20:447.
Length of wings, male, 25-28 mm. ; female, 32-42 mm.
Expanse, male, 46-50 mm. ; female, 54-70 mm.
General color light brown. Head wider than prothorax,
yellowish with a dark spot over the front part of the
ocellar triangle, and extending laterally toward the an-
tennae; usually a pair of triangular dark spots on head
behind the ocelli, pointing inward ; clypeus brown ; frontal
M ridge wide, yellow; lateral tubercles flat, yellow. An-
tennae brown. Ocellar triangle nearly equilateral, the
hind ocelli half again as close to each other as to the
eyes.
Prothorax wider than long, narrower behind ; front and
hind margins rounded; sides nearly straight; front angles
sharp, hind angles subacute; surface not very rugose;
median line not very distinct. Legs yellowish, femora
with a broad blackish transverse band just before the dis-
tal end ; tibia with a dark band at base ; tarsi dark. Wings
uniformly subhyaline ; veins brown ; numerous crossveins
beyond the cord distributed more or less evenly across the
entire radial-median area.
Abdomen pale yellow above and underneath; sides
somewhat darker. Cerci or tails brown, yellow at base;
closely covered with short hairs.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite with a transverse,
oval, smooth hammer; subanal lobes broadly triangular,
sharp and reaching to about the middle of the tenth ter-
gite ; tergites 9 and 10 each with a large number of short
spines.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite very slightly pro-
duced into an unevenly rounded subgenital plate. The sub-
genital plate varies in different individuals from an al-
most truncate plate which is not at all produced to an
evenly rounded plate produced over a third of the ninth
sternite.
Distribution. —
New York, Ithaca, June 5 to Aug. 27; Green Co.,
June; North Creek, July 4, 1918; Keene Val-
ley, Essex Co., June 28, 1895 ; Oswegatchie.
North Carolina. Black Mts., July 1-Aug. 30, 1912,
Beutenmiiller.
Maryland. Glen Echo, May 29, 1899 (R. P. Currie).
180 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Canada, Quebec, Saguenay River, July 25, 1906
(George P. Engelhart) ; Ontario Co., Hast-
ings (Evans).
West Virginia, Chest River, June.
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, July 26; Jeannette,
July 28; Landisburg, June 15.
Acroneuria arenosa Pictet.
(Plate 4, figs. 1-5; plate 16, fig. 2; plate 28, figs. 1,2; plate 30, fig. 10.)
1841. Perla arenosa Pict., Hist Nat. Neur. Perlides, p. 178.
1907. Acroneuria arenosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1922. Acroneuria arenosa Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:252.
Length to tip of wings, male, 25-27 mm. ; female, 30-37
mm. Expanse, male, 42-45 mm.; female, 50-62 mm.
Color yellowish fuscous. Head wider than prothorax,
yellowish; area in front of ocellar triangle brownish and
often the ocellar triangle crossed by a brownish mark,
which is rounded behind and laterally extends toward the
base of the antennae ; sometimes the entire head pale ex-
cept for the darker antennal ridges and the area in front
of the anterior ocellus. Frontal M-ridge and lateral tu-
bercles fairly prominent, yellow. Ocellar triangle almost
equilateral; hind ocelli closer to each other than to the
eyes; a ring of black pigment inside the ocelli. Anten-
nae with basal segment infuscated, beyond yellowish.
Palpi yellowish brown.
Prothorax narrower than head, wider than long ; some-
what narrowed behind; median line usually yellow; sides
disc brownish, often with yellow spots ; rugosities moder-
ately distinct ; angles quite sharp. Meso- and metathorax
yellowish brown. Legs yellowish ; femora with a wide
dark band just before the distal end; tarsi darker toward
the tip. Wings uniformly subhyaline ; veins brownish ;
second anal vein of hind wing with about 12 branches, the
branches variously anastomosing.
Abdomen yellowish. Tails yellowish, slightly darker
toward the middle and beyond ; thickly covered with rath-
er short hair.
Male. The ninth ventral abdominal segment with a
nearly rounded, or slightly transverse, distinctly raised
polished hammer. The genital hooks slender, cylindrical,
long, sharply pointed and reaching to or beyond the
middle of segment 10. Segments 8, 9, and 10 above
with short spines distributed as shown in pi. 28, fig. 1.
Female. The subgenital plate produced over about
one-half of segment 9 ; the hind margin evenly rounded.
Distribution. — Type locality, Philadelphia, Pa.
New York, Ithaca, July 14, 1885; Ithaca, July 21;
Long Island, 1902.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 181
Massachusetts, Chicopee, July 7, 1899 (F. Knab).
Maine, Orono.
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, July 19; Philadelphia;
Allegheny Co.; Pittsburg; Marysville, July 9.
Maryland, Near High Island, June 27, 1899 (W. R.
Maxon) ; Laurel, June 17, 1912 (E. B. Mar-
shall).
District of Columbia, Washington, July 4, 1870
("Insect Book, plate 26, fig. 4") ; July 5 (W. V.
Warner) ; June 25 and July 18 ; June 1, 1893
(F.C.Pratt).
Virginia, Great Falls, June 25 (H. L. Viereck).
Acroneuria ruralis Hagen.
(Plate 16, fig. 7; plate 29, figs. 1, 2; plate 30, fig. 13.)
1861. Perla ruralis Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. IS.
1920. Acroneuria ruralis Needham, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 36:274.
1922. Acroneuria ruralis Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253.
1862. Acroneuria rupinsulensis Walsh, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
p. 363.
1883. Acroneuria quehecensis Provaneher, Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop.,
p. 72.
1905. Acroneuria attenuate Banks, Psyche, 12:55.
Length to wing tips, male, 29 mm. ; female, 32 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 32 mm. ; female, 59 mm.
Color brown. Head yellowish brown with the frontal
M-mark and clypeus before it darker, a faint transverse
wash of brown beyond the rear ocelli. Ocelli large, form-
ing an equilateral triangle, the rear ones a little nearer
to each other than to the eyes. Antennae brown, darker
toward the tip and on the upper side of the basal seg-
ment. Palpi yellowish brown.
Prothorax much wider than long, front and rear mar-
gins rounded, the front one even, the rear one a little
emarginate in the middle, front angles sharp, hind angles
less so. Rugosities upon the sides of the disc not nu-
merous nor prominent. Legs dark brown. Femora with
a blackish transverse band across the distal end. Wings
uniformly subhyaline with brown veins.
Abdomen pale above and below, darker upon the sides.
Tails yellowish at the base, becoming darker posteriorly
and partially covered with short hairs.
Male. Ninth ventral segment with the usual polished
hammer which is small and transversely oval. Genital
hooks short, flat, triangular, and curved forward at their
acute tips.
Female. Subgenital plate short and very broad, cov-
ering usually somewhat less than half of the 9th ster-
182 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
nite and with a transverse callosity in the middle before
its tip.
Distribution. — Type locality, St. Louis, Mo.
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, July 13, 15, 19; May
27, West Fairview, June 18.
Maryland, Plummer's Island, July 12 (H. S. Bar-
ber).
District of Columbia, Washington, June, 1893 (F.
C.Pratt).
Manitoba, Aweme, June 6, 1903 (N. Criddle).
New York, Lewiston, July 13.
Kansas, Lawrence, July, 1894 (Hugo Kahl) ;
Douglas Co. (E. S. Tucker) ; Lawrence, June,
1921 (P. W. Claassen).
Ohio. Cincinnati, July 12 (J. T. Lloyd).
Tennessee, Knoxville, June 24, 1891.
Colorado, Denver, August.
Illinois. Bloomington (C. C. Adams) ; Moline,
August, 1897 ; Savanna, August.
Wisconsin, Dane Co., May 20.
Iowa. Fairport, June 8, 1921.
Acroneuria pennsylvanica Rambur.
(Plate 16, fig. S; plate 29, figs. 3, 4; plate 30, fig. 8.)
1842. Perla pennsylvanica Rambur, Neurop., p. 456.
1909. Acroneuria pennsylvanica Klapalek, Bull. Internal;. Acad. Sci.,
Boheme, p. 8.
1922. Acroneuria pennsylvanica Needham ami Claassen, Can. Ent.,
54:252.
Length to wing tips, male, 27 mm. ; female, 31 mm.. Ex-
panse, male, 48 mm. ; female, 55 mm.
Color yellowish brown. Head yellowish, in front a little
darker. Frontal M-line weakly developed. Hind angles
obscurely touched with brown. Ocelli large, the rear ones
closer to each other than to the eyes, tubercles ringed
with blackish. Antennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax a little narrowed to rearward, much wider
than long, its angles sharp, front and rear margins
rounded, especially the front one, sides straight, ground
color yellow with brown rugosities that are not very high
nor very numerous. A median longitudinal yellow line
traverses the disc. Meso- and metathorax yellowish
brown. Legs yellow. Femora with a wide blackish band
just before the tip and tibiae with the basal fifth darker
in color. Wings uniformly subhyaline with brown veins.
Abdomen yellow above and below, darker on the sides.
Tails brown and hairy.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 183
Male. Ninth ventral segment with a transverse oval,
smooth hammer. Genital hooks somewhat flattened, re-
curved, rather bluntly pointed. Prickles on the dorsal
side of segments 9 and 10 numerous, on the 9th contin-
uous and on the 10th interrupted in the middle by an
area of long appressed hairs.
Female. Subgenital plate oval, rounded and entire on
the tip, overlapping the basal half of the 9th sternite and
followed on that sternite by two small, round, brownish
spots at the sides.
Distribution. — Type locality, Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania, Washington Co.; Jeannette, July 8,
1904 (H. G. Klages).
District of Columbia, Washington.
North Carolina, Morgantown, 1877 (Morrison).
Tennessee, Knoxville, May and June, 1889.
Maryland, Stubblefield Falls, Potomac River, June
3, 1902.
Acroneuria trijuncta Walker.
(Plate 28, fig. 24; plate 30, fig. 14.)
1852. Perla trijuncta Walker, Cat. Neur. Ins. Brit. Mus., p. 153.
1022. Acroneuria trijuncta Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:252.
Length to tip of wings, female, 30 mm. Expanse, 53
mm.
Color yellowish fuscous. Head wider than prothorax ;
a dark brown spot over the ocellar triangle, rounded be-
hind and on each side -produced toward the base of the
antennae ; frontal M-ridge very faint, yellowish ; frontal
tubercle moderately distinct ; clypeus light brown ; area
beside the eyes and behind ocellar triangle yellow, some-
what infuscated on the hind margin. The ocelli form
an equilateral triangle ; hind ocelli somewhat closer to
each other than to the eyes, inner margin with
a black pigment ring. Antennae brown, lighter under-
neath ; first palpi light brown.
Prothorax narrower than head ; yellowish, somewhat
darker around the border; wider than long, narrower be-
hind, especially the posterior third; front margin evenly
rounded; hind margin nearly straight; sides somewhat
angulate; front angles subacute; hind angles narrowly
rounded ; surface moderately rugose. Meso- and meta-
thorax yellowish, somewhat darker in the middle ; under-
neath pale yellow. Legs yellow; femora above with a
blackish broad mark just before the distal end; tibia
brown at the basal end; tarsi darker toward the tip.
184 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Wings subhyaline; veins brown, except veins C, Sc, R,
and the costal crossveins which are yellowish. Venation
as in figure.
Abdomen pale yellow above and below, sides brownish.
Tails pale, somewhat darker towards the base; rather
thickly covered with hairs.
Male, unknown.
Female. The ventral plate of segment 8 produced over
about half of segment 9 ; a strong declivity in the middle,
so that the apparent hind margin is evenly rounded and
bears in the middle a somewhat triangular process, the
margin of which is slightly excavated (pi. 28, fig. 24) .
Distribution. — One female from Lake George, Juanita
Island, N. Y., summer, 1920. The type locality is Georgia.
Acroneuria internata Walker.
(Plate 16, fig. 6; plate 28, figs. 5, 6; plate 30, fig. 5.)
1852. Acroneuria internata Walker, Cat. Neurop. Brit. Mus., p. 152.
1922. Acroneuria internata Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:252.
Length to tip of wings, male, 28 mm. ; female, 30-35
mm. Expanse, male, 40 mm.; female, 52-60 mm.
Color yellowish brown. Head with a brownish spot cov-
ering the ccellar triangle, rounded behind and notched
in front and sending a branch each way toward the eyes.
A triangular brownish spot above the mouth and a brown-
ish line before the base of each antenna. Elsewhere yel-
lowish except for a touch of brown on the hind angles ex-
ternally. Ocelli large, the posterior ones nearer to each
other than to the eyes, and ringed internally with blackish
pigment. Antennae yellowish beyond the brown basal
joint, darker toward the tip ; palpi yellowish.
Prothorax narrower than the head, somewhat nar-
rowed rearward, a little wider than long with a narrow
and obscure yellow middorsal line. Disc yellowish brown
with moderately strong rugosities. Legs yellowish. Fe-
mora with a dark ring just before the tip. Wings uni-
formly subhyaline. Veins brown.
Abdomen yellowish brown, irregularly clouded with
darker color. Tails brown, somewhat lighter on the basal
segments, thickly covered with rather long hairs.
Male. The hammer on the prolonged 9th ventral ster-
nite is transverse, oval, and smoothly polished. The geni-
tal hooks are long and slender and cylindrical, and sharply
pointed.
Female. Subgenital plate covers the basal third or
more of the 9th sternite, is oval in outline, and bears at
PLECOPTEBA OF XOETH AMEBICA 18.5
its apex two lobes that may stand out as shown in plate
28, fig. 5, or may be folded back so that the edge appears
to be uniformly rounded.
Distribution. — Type locality, "North America."
West Virginia, Cheat River, June.
Illinois, Bloomington, June 21, 1894 (C. C.
Adams).
Indiana, no locality.
Michigan, Ann Arbor, July, 1901.
Missouri, Columbia (C. R. Crosby).
Colorado, (Gillette).
Acroneuria arida Hagen.
(Plate 16, fig. 5; plate 28, figs. 7, 8; plate 30, fig. 9.)
1861. Perla arida Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., p. 18.
1905. Acroneuria valida Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 32:4.
1907. Acroneuria arenosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 11.
1922. Acroneuria arida Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253.
Length to tip of wings, male, 23 mm. ; female, 28 mm.
Expanse, male, 43 mm. ; female, 53 mm.
Color yellowish. Head wider than prothorax, pale yel-
lowish, fuscous in front of the frontal ridge and some-
what darker behind the eyes; frontal ridge and lateral
tubercles weak, yellow ; antennae dark. Ocelli forming an
isosceles triangle, the hind ocelli closer to each other than
to the eyes; a black ring inside of the ocelli. Antennae
pale brown. Palpi brown.
Prothorax wider than long, somewhat narrowed be-
hind ; light chocolate brown ; a narrow yellow median lon-
gitudinal line ; sides of disc quite rugose, often with yel-
lowish spots near the lateral margin ; a depressed area
near the lateral margin ; front margin evenly rounded,
hind margin somewhat angulate, sides straight; angles
sharp. Meso- and metathorax brownish with paler marks
in front. Legs yellowish, darker above; femora with a
wide dark band just before the tip; tarsi dark. Wings
subhyaline, veins brown, lighter in the hind wing. Vena-
tion as in pi. 16, fig. 5.
Abdomen yellowish, somewhat darker towards the tip.
Tails light yellow, somewhat infuscated towards the tip,
covered with moderately long hairs.
Male. Ninth ventral abdominal segment with a trans-
verse oval, polished button. Genital hooks long, cylindri-
cal, rather sharply pointed and reaching to or slightly be-
yond the middle of segment 10. Segments 9 and 10 above
with a patch of spines on each side.
Female. Subgenital plate produced halfway across seg-
18() THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
ment 9, narrower at the base and broadly emarginate in
the middle, or bilobed.
Distribution. — The type locality is given as "New York
or Philadelphia."
Arkansas, Marion Co., June 5, 1897 (McE.).
Ohio, Lakeside. July 20, 1901; Lake Erie, South
Bass Island, July.
District of Columbia, Washington, June, 1895 (F.
C. Pratt).
New York, Ithaca, June 25.
Illinois. Galena.
Indiana, Bluffton (C. C. Deam).
Tennessee, Knoxville, June 2, 5, and 24.
Texas, Kamper's Bluff, V. C, June 25, 1911.
Acroneuria evoluta Klapalek.
(Plate 28, figs. 9, 10; plate 30, fig. 11.)
1909. Acroneuria evoluta Klapalek, Bull. Internal;. Aead. Sei. Bohem.,
p. 12.
1922. Acroneuria evoluta Xeedham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253.
Length to tip of wings, male, 25-28 mm. ; female, 35-37
mm. Expanse, male, 42-48 mm. ; female, 60-64 mm.
Color yellowish brown. Head wider than prothorax,
yellow, with a darker area in front of anterior ocellus, an-
tennal ridges dark, a little darker over the ocellar triangle
and usually a little darker behind the eyes; frontal M-
ridge and lateral tubercles yellow, not prominent. The
ocelli form an almost equilateral triangle ; hind ocelli quite
large and closer to each other tha" to the eves, each with
a narrow ring of black pigment. Basal joint of antennae
brown, followed bv yellowish and darker segments to-
wards the apex. Paloi brownish.
Prothorax brownish, tending to be much darker than
the head, sometimes uniformly brown or else the rugosi-
ties yellow; wider than long; narrowed behind, the angles
rather sharp; rugosities not strong. Meso- and meta-
thorax yellowish, the outer fields a little darker.
Legs yellowish ; femora with a broad black band just
before the distal end, tibia darker on the basal fifth ; tarsi
darker at tipl Wings uniformly subh valine or sliehtly
brownish ; veins brown, in the hind wing somewhat light-
er in color.
Abdomen yellow, the sides a little darker and some-
times darker toward the tip. Tails yellowish ; in some
specimens the segments are darker at the tip; covered
with rather short hairs.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 18?
Male. Ninth ventral abdominal segment with a slight-
ly oval, transverse, polished hammer ; genital hooks cylin-
drical, sharp, usually curved outward toward the tip and
reaching to or a little beyond the middle of segment 10;
segments 9 and 10 above each side with a patch of short
spines.
Female. Eighth ventral segment produced in the mid-
dle into a rather narrow subgenital plate which reaches
half way across segment 9. At the base of the plate is a
declivity. The plate is either evenly rounded behind,
truncate, or slightly emarginate and sometimes there is
a slight emargination on the sides of the plate at the
base.
Type female in the Hofmuseum, Berlin.
Distribution. — Type locality, New Orleans.
Kansas, Douglas Co., July; Baldwin; Riley Co. (J.
B. Norton) ; Manhattan, July 1, 1921 (R. C.
Smith) ; Lawrence, July, 1894 (Hugo Kahl) ;
June 20-26, 1921 (P. W. Claassen).
Ohio, Catonbads, June 23.
Missouri, Columbia (C. V. Riley).
Acroneuria pacifica Banks.
(Plate 4, figs. 11, 12; plate 16, fig. 3; plate 29, figs. 7, 9, 10; plate
30, fig. 3.)
1900. Acroneuria pacifica Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 26:242.
1904. Acroneuria nigrita Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 30:98.
1922. Acroneuria pacifica Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253.
Length to tip of wings, male, 32 mm. ; female, 37 mm.
Expanse, female, 58 mm.
Color dark brown except the head, the general color of
which is yellowish. There is a blackish area over the en-
tire ocellar triangle, delimited in front by the yellow that
covers the M-line and that extends rearward along the in-
ner margin of the eye and covers most of the rear of the
head. Middle of clypeus and labrum brownish, frontal
tubercles yellowish. Ocelli small, the middle one smaller
than the others. Antennae and palpi brownish.
Prothorax a little narrower than the head, a little nar-
rowed behind, especially in the posterior half, front
angles rather acute, more so than the hind ones. Surface
very rugose, chocolate brown in color, transverse grooves
at front and rear deeply and broadly excavated. Ru-
gosities are few and broad. Meso- and metathorax shin-
ing black. Legs brown ; femora yellowish at the extreme
tip. Wings uniformly tinted with brownish ; veins a
little darker.
188 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Abdomen blackish brown above, the last two segments
and the ventral surface lighter. Tails dark brown, hairy.
Distribution. — Type locality, Washington.
Canada, Maligne Lake, Alberta, July 1-3, 1915
(E. L. Diven) ; Waterton Lakes, Alberta, July
21, 1923 (J. McDunnough).
Colorado, Gunnison, Julv (Oslar) ; Tolland (G.
S. Dodds).
Oregon, Elkton, March 26, April 5, 1896; Cor-
vallis, June.
California, Dunsmuir, Shasta Co.; Cisco, 1899;
Yosemite Valley, June 12, 1921 (E. C.
Van Dyke) ; Nevada Co., May 16, 1918 (E. R.
Leach).
Wyoming, Yellowstone River, Aug. 5, 1921 (F.
M. Sallee) ; Upper Falls, Yellowstone, Aug. 9,
1896 (R. P. Currie) ; Yellowstone River, July
21, 1921 (R. A. Muttkowski). ,
Montana, Bridger Mts., June 19, 1914, 5,000 it.
Washington. Olympia, June 1, 1894.
Acroneuria pumila Banks.
(Plate 29, figs. 5, 6; plate 30, fig. 15.)
1906. Acroneuria pumila Banks, Can. Ent., 38:335.
1922. Acroneuria pumila Xeedham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253.
Length to tip of wings, female, 17 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 26 mm.
Color shining yellowish brown. Head uniformly yel-
lowish except the posterior angles which are a little dark-
er. Frontal tubercles are elongate, transverse ridges that
extend well forward nearly opposite the middle ocellus.
Ocelli ringed with black, antennae and palpi brown.
Prothorax wider than long, distinctly narrowed behind,
remarkably rounded in front and somewhat rounded in
the rear, especially on the angles. General color yellow-
ish brown with darker margins, the surface rugose on
each side, middorsal smooth space very wide, especially at
its ends. Meso- and metathorax darker yellowish brown
and uniform in color. Legs brown. Wings abbreviated,
a little longer than the abdomen, subhyaline with the
ends a little darker, especially in the vicinity of the anal
cell. In the forewings many costal apical crossveins.
Abdomen brown, paler beneath. Tails brown, hairy, the
hairs longer on the basal segments.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 189
Distribution. — Type locality, Three Rivers, Cal.
Wyoming, Yellowstone River, Aug. 5, 1921 (F.
M. Sallee).
Montana, no locality.
Canada, Maligne Lake, Alberta, July 1-3, 1915
(E. L. Diven).
California, Three Rivers.
Texas, no locality.
Acroneuria lycorias Newman.
(Plate 28, figs. 11, 12; plate 30, fig. 7, and text fig. S.)
1839. Perla lycorias Newm. Am. Mag. Nat, Hist., 3:85.
1883. Perla navalis Prov. Pet. Faun. Can. Neurop., p. 73.
1908. Acroneuria excavata Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 34:256.
1922. Acroneuria lycorias Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:252.
Length to tip of wings, male, 20-28 mm. ; female, 30-35
mm. Expanse of wings, male, 32-46 mm. ; female, 42-55
mm.
Color yellowish with darker markings. Head wider than
prothorax, a dark brown spot covers the ocellar triangle.
It is rounded in the rear and laterally extends to the base
of the antennae. Tubercles yellowish brown, remainder
of head yellow except beyond the eyes externally. Ocelli
form an equilateral triangle, the rear ones are closer to
each other than to the eyes and are rather conspicuously
ringed with black pigment. Antennae brown, yellowish
for a little way beyond the first segment. Palpi brown.
Prothorax narrower than the head, a fourth wider than
long, yellowish with bosses that are usually brownish, a
little darker about the borders. Meso- and metathorax
yellowish brown, darker in the middle. Legs yellow. Fe-
mora with a dark transverse band across the distal end
and a more or less triangular spot at the base above.
Wings uniformly subhyaline. Veins brown. Veins beyond
the cord few or wanting.
Abdomen yellow, a little infuscated on the side. Tails
yellow at base, darker beyond, covered with short hair.
Male. The ventral prolongation of the 9th segment
bears the usual polished disc or hammer, oval in form and
smooth. Genital hooks are flattened, triangular, sharply
pointed at their anteriorly directed tips. Segments 9 and
10 both are well covered with minute prickles.
Female. The subgenital plate is slightly produced to
rearward, the hind margin varies between being evenly
rounded or truncate or slightly excavated in the middle.
190 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Distribution. — Type locality, Trenton Falls, N. Y.
New York, Ithaca, May 30, June 27, July 16;
The Hermitage, Cayuga Lake, June 10 (C.
Betten) ; McLean Bogs, Tompkins Co., June
11, 1915; Colden, June 7, 1908 (E. P. Van
Duzee) ; Ft. Montgomery, May 21 ; Otto, June
1903; Ramapo, May 21; Gloversville, June 13
(C. P. Alexander) ; Artists Brook, Chapel
Pond, Adirondack Mts., \June 28, 1923 (P. W.
Claassen) ; Castile, Wyoming Co., 1923.
Maine, Tim Pond Plantation, July 22, 1922; Ca-
pens, July 14 and 15, 1901 (C. W. Johnson) ;
Orono ; Great Pond, Mt. Desert, July 20, 1921
(C. W. Johnson). .
New Hampshire, Squam Lake, July 25 (G. M.
Allen).
Massachusetts, Fall River, June 19, 1909 (N.
S. Easton).
West Virginia, Cheat Mts., June.
Wisconsin, Door Co., June 12, 1905; July 1 to
15, 1906.
Pennsylvania, Jeannette (H. G. Klages) ; Pitts-
burg.
Quebec, July 25, 1907 (George Maheux) .
Michigan, Marquette, June 29, (Hubbard and
Schwarz) .
Kansas, Lawrence, Douglas Co.
Acroneuria carolinensis Banks.
(Plate 28, figs. 13, 14.)
1905. Acroneuria carolinensis Banks, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
30:215.
1922. Acroneuria carolinensis Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:
253.
Length to tip of wings, male, 28 mm. ; female, 34 mm.
Expanse, male, 45 mm. ; female, 58 mm.
Color dark brown varied with yellow. Head nearly cov-
ered with a blackish spot that follows in the rear the fron-
tal suture and is angulate in the middle, that- is often tra-
versed by a pale M-line on the frons, and that is punctu-
ated with yellow on the frontal tubercles. Rear of head
and space around the eyes yellow. Antennae brown, yel-
lowish for a distance beyond the basal segment. Palpi
brown.
Prothorax a little wider than long, a little narrowed
beyond, angles acute, front margin rounded, rugosities
moderate, usually shining blackish, median sulcus also
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 191
blackish. Entire pronotum covered with fine gray pile.
Meso- and metathorax blackish brown. Legs dark brown.
Tarsi blackish. Wings subhyaline with dark brown veins.
Abdomen dark brown, somewhat lighter toward the
tip and beneath. Tails brown.
Male. Segment 9 with the usual transversely oval pol-
ished hammer on the prolonged ventral extension. Geni-
tal hooks slender, curving upward and inward and ending
in sharp incurved points. Prickles on the dorsal surface
of segments 9 and 10 very numerous.
Female. Subgenital plate extends about half way across
the 9th sternite, is broadly oval in outline, with the medi-
an emargination making its apex bilobed. Lobes rounded.
Distribution. — Type locality, Black Mountains, N. C.
North Carolina, Black Mts., July 1-Aug. 30,
1912 (Beutenmiiller) ; Sunburst, Haywood Co.,
late May (C. S. Brimley).
Acroneuria depressa Needham and Claassen.
(Plate 16, fig. 4; plate 28, figs. 15, 16; plate 30, fig. 6.)
1922. Acroneuria depressa Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:253-
254.
Length to tip of wings, $ , 29-32 mm. ; 9 , 32-40 mm. Ex-
panse, $ , 48-50 mm.; 5, 56-70 mm.
General color light brown. Head wider than prothorax,
reddish brown, darker on clypeus and somewhat darker
over the ocellar triangle. Ocelli large, with black on the
inside ; hind ocelli a little closer to each other than to the
eyes. Prothorax wider than long, not narrowed behind,
angles rather sharp, rugosities not very strong. Legs
yellowish; femora with a black transverse band just be-
fore the tip. Wings uniformly subhyaline ; veins light
brown ; usually no crossveins in the outer field beyond the
cord. Tails light brown thickly clothed with short hairs.
Male. Ninth ventral segment bears a large, transverse,
oval, smooth hammer; subanal lobes flattened, triangu-
lar, sharply pointed; segments 9 and 10 above each with
many short spines.
Female. Eighth ventral segment unmodified.
Distribution —
Washington, Yakima River, Lonetree, June 30,
1882.
California, Strawberry Valley, Eldorado Co.,
Aug. 5, Aug. 13 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Woods
Creek, Fresno Co., July 22 (E. C. Van Dyke) ;
Terwak, Del Norte Co., Sept. 9, 1920 (Carl D.
Duncan).
192 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Acroneuria theodora Needham and Claassen.
(Plate 16, fig. 9; plate 28, figs. 21, 22, 23; plate 30, fig. 4.)
1922. Acroneuria theodora Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:
2 r,4.
Length to tip of wings, male, 15 mm.; female, 35-37
mm. Expanse, male, 20 mm. ; female, 59-63 mm.
General color blackish with smoky wings. Head a little
wider than prothorax ; black over the ocellar triangle and
extending laterally to the base of the antennae; occiput
and area in front of the frontal M-ridge dark brown ; fron-
tal ridge and lateral tubercles yellowish ; ocelli form an
equilateral triangle ; hind ocelli closer to each other than
to the eyes. Antennae blackish at base, brown towards
the tip. Prothorax uniformly blackish, wider than long,
somewhat narrowed behind ; front angles sharp, hind
angles rounded; rugosities rather strong. Wings pale
yellow at base, beyond uniformly smoky ; veins blackish ;
no crossveins in the outer field beyond the cord. Basal
half of abdomen yellowish above, beyond blackish. Tails
brown, thickly clothed with short hairs.
Male brachypterous ; ninth ventral segment bears a
large, longitudinally rectangular hammer whose surface
is covered with rearward curving ridges ; subanal lobes
cylindrical, short and sharp.
Female. Eighth ventral segment unmodified.
Distribution. —
Wyoming, Big Horn Mts., June 18, 1896 (R. P
Currie).
Montana, Gallatin Mts., Aug. 15, 1914, 6,000 ft.,
Yellowstone Park, Gallatin Mts., Aug. 14,
1921 (R. H. Muttkowski).
Acroneuria californica Banks.
(Plate 28, figs. 17-20; plate 30, fig. 1.)
1905. Acroneuria californica Banks, Invert. Pacifiea, 1 :87.
1905. Acroneuria californica Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., 32:3.
1908. Acroneuria concolor Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., 34:255.
1922. Acroneuria californica Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent., 54:
253.
Length to tip of wings, male, 23 mm.; female, 31 mm.
Expanse, male, 40 mm.; female, 54 mm.
Color brown, varied with yellow.
Head pale, area over ocellar triangle pale reddish yel-
low; clypeus also lighter; a dark spot each side between
the front ocellus and the lateral tubercles, rear of head
darker ; tubercles yellowish, distinct ; frontal ridge rather
weak ; the ocelli form an almost equilateral triangle ; hind
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 193
ocelli much closer to each other than to the eyes; inside
of the ocelli a narrow dark ring of black pigment. An-
tennae with the first segment dark brown, lighter beyond ;
palpi dark brown.
Prothorax narrower than head, slightly widened be-
hind; wider than long; sides straight; angles rather
sharp; median line yellowish, obscure; disc brown, some-
what lighter laterally, strongly rugose. Meso- and meta-
thorax brown with yellow at the front and at the base of
the wings. Legs brown, femora with a dark band just
before the distal end ; tibiae darker at the base ; tarsi fus-
cous. Wings uniformly subhyaline, veins brown; cross-
veins lacking in the outer submarginal area.
Abdomen light yellowish at base, darker beyond. Tails
yellowish brown; basal segments very short; rather
sparsely covered with hairs.
Male. Abdomen segment 9 abbreviated and thickened,
concave, and scurfy pubescent on its slightly upturned
apical margin, prolonged on the ventral side into a rather
narrow and strongly upturned subgenital scoop, whose
postero-ventral face bears an elongate, subrectangular
hammer, whose surface is polished and whose proximal
end is confluent with forward part of the segment by a
widening area, that is set off at the sides by two deep
folds. Genital hooks long, subcylindric, erect, tapering
into sharp points that turn forward and inward at ex-
treme apex.
Female. Subgenital plate wanting, the 8th sternite
slightly concave on its apical border; two oval blackish
spots are upon the sides of the 9th sternite.
Distribution. — Type locality, Claremont, Cal.
California, Paradise Val., Kings River, Fres-
no Co., July 15, 1910, alt. 7,000 ft. (E. C. Van
Dyke) ; Oakland, May 15, 1910 (E. C. Van
Dyke) ; Bear Val., Marin Co., May 25, 1919 ;
Lagunitas, Marin Co., June 14, 1908 (E. C.
Van Dyke) ; Three Rivers, 600-800 ft., July
12-14, 1907; Saquel Creek, Santa Cruz Co.,
May 30, 1909 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Sonoma Co.,
June 19, 1910 (J. E. Kuschel) ; Lander, July,
1899 ; Felton, Santa Cruz Mts., May 29 (J. C.
Bradley) ; Redwood, Corralitos, Santa Cruz
Mts., May 13, 1907 (J. C. Bradley) ; Fallen
Leaf Lake, July 12; Fairfax, Marin Co., June
14 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; San Jose, Oct. 13, 1881
(Mrs. A. E. Bush) ; Dunsmuir (Wickam) ;
194 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Santa Cruz Mts. (Mrs. A. E. Bush) ; Mari-
posa Grove, 6,150 ft., May 14. 1879; Fresno
Flats, 3,500 ft., May 9.
Washington, Forks, Chatham Co., July 5, 1920
(E. C. Van Dyke).
Oregon, Corvallis, May 29.
Acroneuria xanthenes Newman.
(Plate 16, fig. 10; plate 29, figs. 8, 11, 12; plate 30, fig. 2.).
1828. Perla xanthenes Newman, Ent. Mag., 5:178.
1841. Perla xanthenes Pictet, Ins. Neur., p. 245.
1852. Perla xanthenes Walker, Cat., p. 159.
1861. Perla xanthenes Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 26.
1892. Perla xanthenes Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1894. Perla xanthenes Banks, Ent. News, 5:178.
1904. Perla xanthenes Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Perla xanthenes Banks, Cat., p. 12.
1907. Perla xanthenes Tucker, Kan. Univ. Sei. Bull., 4:78.
1908. Perla xanthenes Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:150.
1908. Perla xanthenes Banks, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, 34:257.
1921. Eccoptura xanthenes Klapalek, Bull, de la Soc. Ent. de Belgi-
que, 61:60.
1922. Acroneuria xanthenes Needham and Claassen, Can. Ent. 54:252.
1923. Eccoptura xanthenes Klapalek, Coll. Selys IV, 2:63 (female).*
1909. Acroneuria brevidicauda Klapalek, Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci.
Boheme, p. 12.
Length to wing tip, S , 22-26 mm. ; $ , 29-32 mm. Ex-
panse, $ , 38-44 mm. ; 9 , 46-54 mm.
General color pale yellow.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; pale yellow ; frontal
ridge and lateral tubercles distinct; ocelli form an equi-
lateral triangle ; hind ocelli as close to the eyes as to each
other; on inner margin of ocelli a black ring. Antennae
pale, covered with short hairs ; palpi pale.
Prothorax uniformly pale yellow, narrower than head,
a little wider than long, narrower behind; angles sub-
acute; front margin evenly rounded, sides and hind mar-
gin somewhat angulate ; surface moderately rugose ; each
side with a rather deep depression near the margin, just
back of the middle ; legs uniformly pale yellow ; wings
pale yellow, nearly hyaline; veins yellow; C, Sc, Rl, and
the costal crossveins paler than the other veins.
Abdomen yellow; cerci or tails yellow, hairy; basal seg-
•Note : The male specimen (one of Newman's types) on whose secondary sexual
characters Klapalek founded his genus Eccoptura, does not belong with the
female (also figured by Klapalek as one of Newman's types) : The species
represented by the female has been consistently regarded as the .nnitluncs
of Newman, has been frequently collected with its corresponding male, and
less confusion will ensue if the female type be allowed to stand as the true
type of this species. What the male is we do not know. We did not know of
its existence when we published our note on .run Hit tics in the Canadian Ento-
mologist for 1922, p 252.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 195
ment half again as long as broad; second and third seg-
ment each a little wider than long ; fourth and fifth about
as long as wide.
Male. The ninth abdominal sternite hairy, with a small,
prominent, longitudinally oval, smooth hammer; subanal
lobes modified into cylindrical recurved hooks, bluntly
pointed, and with a brush of hairs on the hind basal mar-
gin. Tenth abdominal tergite with about twelve short
spines on pegs each side of the middle, the other tergites
smooth.
Female. The subgenital plate of the eighth abdominal
sternite large, hairy, and produced over almost the entire
ninth segment; deeply and squarely excised in the mid-
dle so as to leave a large lobe on each side.
Distribution.— One 9, Raleigh, N. C, May 27 (C. S.
Brimley) ; four 2 s, five 9 s, Black Mts., N. C, June 1-Aug.
30, 1912 (Beutenmuller) ; West Point, N. Y. (Wm. T.
Davis).
This species is readily recognized by its pale color, in
the female by the form of the subgenital plate, and in the
male by the longitudinally oval hammer and the cylindri-
cal subanal lobes with a brush of hairs at their base.
Acroneuria georgiana Banks.
(Plate 15, fig. 4; plate 19, figs. 13-16.)
1914. Perla georgiana Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 608.
Length to wing tips, male, 17 mm. ; female, 19 mm. Ex-
panse, male, 30 mm. ; female, 33 mm.
Color light yellowish brown, abdomen darker and wings
very pale. Head yellowish, the clypeus, ocellar triangle
and hind angles behind the eye washed with brownish,
also the two basal segments of the antennae. Rear ocelli
ringed with blackish pigment within, closer to each other
than to the eyes. M-mark crossing the frons obscure
yellowish. Antennae toward the tips and palpi brownish.
Prothorax almost as wide as the head, very much nar-
rowed rearward, hind margin a little and front margin
very convex. Sides nearly straight. There is a wide
smooth median area traversed by a rather narrow mid-
dorsal yellow stripe. Rugosities on the sides of the disc
well marked, rather broad and not numerous. Legs yel-
lowish. Wings and veins pale yellowish brown.
Abdomen olive brown, the segments toward the rear
with numerous black spots. Tails yellow, partially cov-
ered with hair.
Male. Ninth abdominal sternite medially produced
near the hind margin into a triangular percussion
196 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
ridge, pointed in the rear and with transverse grooves on
its ventral surface ; tergites normal, subanal lobes modi-
fied into broad triangular subgenital hooks which recurve
upon the tenth tergite.
Female. Subgenital plate triangularly produced en-
tirely across ninth sternite, with a median notch.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11328, Clayton, Geor-
gia, June, 1909 (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge) ; Tallulah Falls, Georgia, June 17; North Carolina.
Family NEMOURIDAE.
This family is characterized by absence of long tails
in the adult forms. In Nemoura, Leuctra and Perlomyia
the tails or cerci are composed of a single segment which
in some instances is modified into an accessory copulatory
organ, while in Taeniopteryx the cerci vary, being com-
posed of single segments in some males, of several seg-
ments in others and in the female always made up of 3-10
segments. Insects mostly of a dull brown or blackish
color. Head usually a little wider than prothorax, with
long slender antennae; three small ocelli (except Taeni-
opteryx occidentalis Bks., which has only two) ; hind ocelli
closer to the eyes than to each other. First and third
tarsal segments subequal in length ; second either very
short or as long as the first ; second anal vein of f orewing
forked.
The genitalia are mostly very complicated in the males.
When better known this family, which is of wide dis-
tribution, will probably contain the largest number of
species of stoneflies. Superficially the species within a
genus look very much alike and it is only after thorough
relaxation or after boiling of the abdomen in caustic pot-
ash that the genital characters are brought out sufficient-
ly for specific determination.
Key to the Genera of Nemouridae.
1. Second tarsal segment about as long as the oth-
ers; cerci of females composed of three or more
segments, of males variable Taeniopteryx
Second tarsal segment much shorter than the
others; cerci composed of a single segment 2
2. An oblique crossvein in the apical marginal space
beyond the tip of subcosta ; wings not rolled
around the body when at rest Nemoura
No crossvein beyond the tip of subcosta; wings
rolled around the body when at rest 3
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
197
Rs and M of forewing originate from a common
point of the radial base Perlomyia
Rs of forewing originates from radius apart from
M Leuctra
Genus NEMOURA Latreille.
1796. Nemoura Latreille, Precis, 101.
1832." Nemoura Pictet, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Reprint.)
1842. Nemoura Pictet, Pedicles, 335 and 382.
1S42. Nemoura Ranibur, Ins. Neurop., 459.
1861. Nemoura Hagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., 36.
1S94. Nemoura Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 500.
1S98. Nemoura Kempny, Verh. k. k. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, p. 13.
reprint.
1902. Nemoura Ris, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., 10:378-406 (Re-
vision).
1909. Nemoura Klapalek, Snesswasserf. Deutsckl., 8:69.
Size small, mostly under 15 mm.
in length ; color brown or blackish ;
veins of the pterostigmas in the
form of an X; tails absent; second
tarsal segment short.
Head as wide as or wider than
prothorax; three ocelli, the hind
ocelli closer to the eyes than to each
other ; usually a shallow depression
between or just back of hind ocelli.
Prothorax usually wider than
long; surface not very rugose;
brown or blackish. Legs brown, in
some species distinctly banded with
yellow; first and third tarsal seg-
ments subequal, second tarsal seg-
ment short. Wings lie flat on body
at rest; anal area of hind wings
quite large ; the tip of subcosta, the
radio-medial crossveins and the
base of R4 and R5 together with
the radial crossveins form a large
X in the pterostigma ; there are no
crossveins beyond Sc2; radial sec-
tor forked but once; Cul without accessory branches.
Abdomen brown; cerci composed of a single segment,
either membranous or modified into chitinized accessory
copulatory organs.
Fig. 25. Nemoura vallicu-
laris Wu.
198 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Male. Supra-anal plate prolonged into a process,
which either recurves over the abdomen or is di-
rected upwards and backwards; subanal lobes either
simple or variously modified into accessory copulatory
organs; ninth abdominal sternite prolonged into a sub-
genital plate which bears (except in N. punctipennis) at the
base a flap-like appendage, the ventral lobe.
Female. Seventh abdominal sternite either unmodi-
fied or produced over the eighth sternite in the
form of a subgenital plate ; genital opening of the eighth
sternite usually guarded by two valves.
Genotype, Nemdura variegata Oliv. (Europe) .
Under the genus Nemoura the European workers (Ris,
Kempny, Klapalek, et al.) recognize at least four sub-
genera: Protoiicmoura Kempny, Amphinemoura Ris, Nemoura
s. str. and Xcmouraclla Kempny. Although it may be pos-
sible to group the European species under these sub-
genera we have been unable to do so with the North
American forms, partly because some of the species do
not fit into any one of the subgenera, but particularly be-
cause the immature stages of only a few species are
known. Consequently they are here all placed under the
genus Xcmoura s. lat.
Key to Species of Nemoura.*
Males.
0. Ninth abdominal sternite without a basal ven-
tral lobe punctipennis
Ninth abdominal sternite with a basal ventral
lobe 1
1. Ninth tergite bearing two large rounded knobs__
stigmata
Ninth tergite nearly smooth, without distinct
knobs 2
2. Supra-anal process directed backward and up-
ward but not recurved; subgenital plate long
and turned up at a right angle 3
*N"ote. — Since the size, color markings, shape of prothorax, etc., vary
considerably in individuals of the same species, the genital structures
are used largely in differentiating the species. The genitalia of the
males are highly complex and furnish excellent specific characters, but
it is necessary in most cases to remove the abdomen and boil and clear
it in caustic potash in order that the different parts may be distin-
guished. Pinned specimens are almost hopeless for determination. The
genitalia of the females do not show such striking differences in the dif-
ferent species, and where species have not been reared it is not always
easy to connect the males and females properly.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 199
Supra-anal process recurved upon the body;
subgenital plate not turned up at a right angle 8
3. 1st A and 2nd A of forewing united before mar-
gin of wing 4
1st A and 2nd A of forewing not united before
margin of wing carolinensis
4. Subanal lobes rather small, in side view flask-
shaped; subgenital plate in side view broad
vallicularia
Subanal lobes large, in side view somewhat boot-
shaped; subgenital plate in side view narrow. _ 5
5. Subanal lobes with a tooth or spine on the upper
forward corner washingtoniana
Subanal lobes without a tooth or sharp projec-
tion 6
6. Outer sheaths of supra-anal process with teeth or
serrations 7
No outer sheaths with serrations ; the supra-anal
process partly membranous; subanal lobes in
side view irregularly enlarged at tip producta
7. Subanal lobes (side view) much constricted in
the middle and spinulose at the tip interrupta
Subanal lobes (side view) not constricted in mid-
dle and not spinulose at tip nevadensis
8. Cerci heavily chitinized and variously modified
into accessory copulatory hooks 9
Cerci membranous and not modified into copu-
latory hooks _\ 12
9. Cerci on the inside membranous, the chitinous
portion armed at the tip with spines; subanal
lobes very large and not much modified ; sub-
genital plate and ventral lobes broad and short
trispinosa
Cerci long, completely chitinized and ending in a
sharp point; subanal lobes long and quite slen-
der 10
10. Subgenital plate divided at the tip, each half be-
ing serrate on the outer margin ; subanal lobes
long, slender and near the tip armed with two
spurs serrata
Subgenital plate entire and smooth ; subanal lobes
not armed with spines 11
11. Subgenital plate broadly truncate at tip; supra-
anal process recurved and not very complicated
truncata
Subgenital plate greatly prolonged into a slender
200 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
pointed process; supra-anal process very com-
plicated prolongata
12. Supra-anal process greatly enlarged beyond the
base (side view) and largely membranous 13
Supra-anal process not enlarged beyond the
base (side view) and largely chitinized 16
13. Wings and legs not banded with darker and
lighter colors; subanal lobes entire, somewhat
prolonged frigida
Wings and legs more or less distinctly banded ;
subanal lobes broad and (ventral view) bearing
on the inside a small spine-like appendage 14
14. Supra-anal process armed below with two rows
of spines, also with a few spines above
oregoncnsis
Supra-anal process unarmed 15
15. Cerci very small; ventral lobe truncate; subanal
lobes (side view) with a pointed projection be-
low; small species, 6.5 mm. long columbiana
Cerci quite large, ventral lobe rounded; subanal
lobes (side view) smooth below ; larger species
9-10 mm. long cinctipes
16. Each side of the tenth tergite greatly prolonged
backward and armed with spines; ventral lobe
as wide as long rotund./
Sides of tenth tergite not prolonged backward, or
if apparently so there are no spines present;
ventral lobe at least twice as long as wide 17
17. Subanal lobes (ventral view) unmodified, i. e.
evenly rounded 18
Subanal lobes modified (prolonged, bifurcate,
divided, etc.) 20
18. Supra-anal process short, broad, truncate at tip,
partly membranous, bearing above two chiti-
nous projections delicatula
Supra-anal process long, slender, pointed and en-
tirely chitinized 19
19. From the base of the supra-anal process, on each
side originates a long, slender diverging chiti-
nous process divergens
No diverging slender chitinous process originat-
ing from the base of the supra-anal process
glab ";/
20. Wings with many (about 30) clear rounded spots
disposed over the entire surface, supra-anal
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 201
process with spines below venusta
Wings without many clear rounded spots 21
21. At the base of each cercus is a backward pointing
chitinized spine-like process 22
Base of cercus either with a membranous process,
a bluntly chitinized process or else smooth,
never a sharp chitinized spine-like process 23
22. Spine-like process at base of cercus directed
backward and about as long as cercus ; supra-
anal process (dorsal view) not much enlarged
beyond base cornuta
Spine-like process at base of cercus directed in-
ward and much shorter than cercus ; supra-anal
process (dorsal view) much enlarged beyond
base California)
23. At base of cercus a large asymmetrical chitinized
lobe directed backward and inward depressa
No such blunt chitinized lobe at base of cercus 24
24. At base of cercus a membranous rounded or
elongate lobe 25
No lobe at base of cercus 27
25. Membranous lobe at base of cercus rounded ; sub-
anal lobes neither bifurcate at tip nor pro-
duced into slender flexuous processes
• color a dcnsis
Membranous lobe at base of cercus elongate and
pointing inward ; subanal lobes either bifurcate
at tip or produced into slender flexuous proc-
esses 26
26. Subanal lobes ending in slender flexuous proc-
esses flexura
Subanal lobes bifurcate at tip and not ending in
slender flexuous processes biloba
27. Supra-anal process smooth, subanal lobes divided
into two narrow sinuate chitinized bands, the
outer one bearing heavy spines near the top
sinuata
Supra-anal process spinulose either above or be-
low; subanal lobes not very slender and not
armed with heavy spines 28
28. Supra-anal process with spines below, subanal
lobes divided longitudinally, each half bearing
groups of heavy hairs venosa
Supra-anal process finely spinulate above; sub-
anal lobes much prolonged and deeply bifurcate
at tip bifurcata
202 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Nemoura glabra Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 1-4.)
3923. Nemoura glabra Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:281.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm.; female, 7.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 11 mm.; female, 14 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax ;
hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax
much wider than long, moderately rugose, widened be-
hind, angles broadly rounded. Wings lightly to rather
heavily infuscated, with two indistinct transverse darker
bands ; anal field of hind wings large. Gills apparently
absent.
Male. Subanal lobes entire, unmodified ; cerci large,
membranous ; supra-anal process recurved, long, not much
widened, smooth and completely chitinized; subgenital
plate short ; ventral lobe about twice as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite unmodified ; eighth sternite
not produced but with a suggestion of a slight notch in
center.
Holotype male, allotype female, April 30, 1913, Truro,
Nova Scotia (Cornell University Collection) ; one female
and male, same locality as type ; male and female, March,
1908, Boulder, Colo. ; one male, Logan, Utah.
Nemoura frigida Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 5-7.)
1923. Nemoura frigida Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:285.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. Expanse, male,
12 mm.
General color dark brown.
Head wider than prothorax, smooth, covered with fine
pile; the hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as to
each other.
Prothorax wider than long, much narrowed behind,
quite rugose, uniformly brown, angles quite sharp. Legs
uniformly light brown. Wings uniformly subhyaline;
anal field of hind wings large. Gills present.
Male. Subanal lobes entire, somewhat produced and
broadly truncate behind; cerci membranous and small;
supra-anal process recurved, enlarged and largely mem-
branous; subgenital plate only moderately produced;
ventral lobe about three times as long as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, June 16, 1899, Sitka, Alaska (Harri-
man Expedition, T. Kincaid) ; in the National Museum,
Washington, D. C.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 203
Nemoura divergens Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 8-10.)
1923. Nemoura divergens Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:282.
Male. Length to tip of wings, 8.5 mm ; expanse, 15 mm.
General color brown. Head not wider than prothorax,
brown, occiput quite rugulose; hind ocelli a little closer
to eyes than to each other. Prothorax brown, wider than
long, widened behind, angles broadly rounded. Legs light
brown. Wings subhyaline with a darker band across the
cord and somewhat darker at the tip; anal field of hind
wings large.
Subanal lobes unmodified ; subgenital plate quite short ;
cerci largely membranous ; ventral lobe about twice as
long as wide; supra-anal process recurved, smooth, en-
tirely chitinized; each side of the supra-anal process a
long, slender, chitinized divergent process.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Mar. 15, Clinton, N. Y. (P. B. Powell, in
Cornell University Collection) ; one male, Apr. 17, Ithaca.
N. Y. ; one male, Mar. 30, Forest Hills, Mass.
Nemoura columbiana Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 11, 12, 13.)
1923. Nemoura columbiana Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:286.
Male. Length to tip of wings, 6.5 mm. ; expanse, 11 mm.
General color dark brown, with banded wings and legs.
Head wider than prothorax, blackish brown ; hind ocelli
closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax blackish
brown, slightly rugose, wider than long, narrowed be-
hind; front angles broadly rounded; hind angles almost
sharp; sides straight. Legs brown with a light spot or
band just beyond the middle on femora. Wings subhy-
aline, with two dark transverse bands, one at the cord
and the other before the tip; anal field of hind wings
large. Four single gills present in the cervical region.
Subanal lobes large, curved upward and bearing on the
inner margin (ventral view) a curved spine-like process ;
below (side view) a short triangular process; cerci small,
membranous; supra-anal process recurved, short, en-
larged, partly membranous ; subgenital plate quite short ;
ventral lobe truncate, a little more than twice as long as
wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, June 25, 1908, between Laggan and the
valley of the Ten Peaks, Alberta, Canada (J. C. Bradley,
Cornell University Collection).
204 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Nemoura delicatula Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 14-17.)
1923. Nemoura delicatula Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:285.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6 mm. ; female, 7.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 10.5 mm. ; female, 13.5 mm.
General color light brown. Head much wider than pro-
thorax, brown ; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each
other. Prothorax brown, quite rugose; wider than long;
angles very broadly rounded. Legs light brown. Wings
uniformly hyaline, veins faint; anal area of hind wings
narrow. Gills absent.
Male. Subanal lobes slightly, if at all, modified; cerci
small, membranous ; supra-anal process recurved, broadly
truncate at tip, fitting closely into a depressed area at the
tenth tergite, partly membranous and bearing above two
chitinous projections; the tenth tergite each side with a
raised chitinized lobe ; subgenital plate rather short ; ven-
tral lobe about three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite not produced posteriorly;
eighth sternite unmodified, the genital opening not
guarded by valves.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 24 paratypes,
males and females, from Boulder, Colo. (G. S. Dodds, Cor-
nell University Collection).
Nemoura bifurcata Claassen.
(Plate 34, figs. 18-20.)
1923. Nemoura bifurcata Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:282.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9 mm. Expanse, male,
14.5 mm.
General color brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax, occiput somewhat rugose ; hind ocelli about twice
as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax brown, a
little wider than long, hardly narrowed behind; angles
rather sharp; surface somewhat rugose. Legs brown.
Wings uniformly subhyaline; anal field of hind wings
large. Gills apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes considerably produced and deeply
bifurcate at the tip ; cerci membranous ; supra-anal proc-
ess recurved, membranous above and dorsally finely spinu-
lose ; subgenital plate rather short ; ventral lobe about two
and one-half times as long as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, 5-15-95, without locality label (Cornell
University Collection).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 205
Nemoura biloba Claassen.
(Plate 35, figs. 1-4.)
1923. Nemoura liloba Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:282.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5 mm. ; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 17 mm. ; female, 18 mm.
General color brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax, uniformly brown ; hind ocelli about twice as close
to eyes as to each other. Prothorax wider than long,
somewhat rugose, a little widened behind ; angles nar-
rowly rounded. Legs brown, the femora somewhat dark-
er toward the end. Wings uniformly subhyaline; anal
field of hind wings large. Gills present.
Male. Subanal lobes prolonged, upcurved and at the
tip divided into two slender processes; cerci large mem-
branous ; at base of cerci an inward pointing, short, mem-
branous, oblong lobe, suggestive of a second small pair;
supra-anal process recurved, slender, membranous above ;
subgenital plate somewhat prolonged ; ventral lobe a little
more than twice as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite very slightly produced pos-
teriorly ; eighth sternite with a narrow median notch.
Holotype male, allotype female, and one paratype, Los
Angeles Co., California (Cornell University Collection).
Nemoura flexura Claassen.
(Plate 35, figs. 5-8.)
1923. Nemoura flexura Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:284.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5-7 mm.; female, 8-9
mm. Expanse, male, 10.5-11 mm.; female, 13-14 mm.
General color brown.
Head wider than prothorax, darker than prothorax;
occiput slightly rugose; hind ocelli about twice as close
to eyes as to each other.
Prothorax wider than long, narrowed behind, quite ru-
gose, the rugosities rather coarse; angles quite broadly
rounded. Legs brown, wings uniformly subhyaline ; anal
field of hind wings narrow.
Male. Subanal lobes produced into slender flexuous
processes which are upturned ; cerci membranous ; at base
of cerci originates a lobe suggestive of a second pair;
supra-anal process slender, recurved, membranous above
near tip; subgenital plate short; ventral lobe slender,
about three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite somewhat produced, almost
tuberculate in the middle; eighth sternite with a deep
median notch.
206 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Holotype male, allotype female, Boulder, Colo. (G. S.
Dodds, Cornell University Collection) ; five additional
males and eight females, same locality.
Nemoura depressa Banks.
(Plate 32, fig. 6; plate 35, figs. 9-12.)
1898. Nemoura depressa Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 25:200.
1905. Nemoura depressa Banks, Invert. Pacif., p. 87.
1907. Nemoura depressa Banks, Can. Ent., 39:329.
1907. Nemoura depressa Banks, Cat., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7.5-8 mm. female, 9-10
mm. Expanse, male, 15-16 mm. ; female, 16-17 mm.
General color reddish brown. Head a little wider than
prothorax; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as
to each other; antennae brown, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax wider than long, slightly narrowed behind,
moderately rugose ; angles narrowly rounded. Wings
subhyaline, with a rusty tinge; anal field of hind wings
narrow. Legs reddish brown, femora a little darker
toward the tip but not banded. Gills present.
Abdomen reddish brown, somewhat darker toward the
tip.
Male. Subanal lobes produced, slightly upcurved and
broadly bifurcate at tip (side view) the inner portion of
subanal lobe short and somewhat triangular; cerci mem-
branous; at base of cercus a large asymmetrical, chiti-
nized, lobe almost as long as the cercus ; supra-anal proc-
ess recurved, slender, finely spinulose above ; subgenital
plate short ; ventral lobe about two and one half times as
long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite only very slightly produced
posteriorly ; eighth sternite deeply notched in middle.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11359, Sept., Cottage
Grove, Ore. (Morse, in Banks Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Mass.) ; in Banks Collection are also one fe-
male, Sept., Cottage Grove, Ore.; one female, Sept., Di-
vide, Ore.; two females, Ore.; one female, Aug. 23,
Laggan, B. C.
We have specimens as follows : March 8, 1908, Oakland
Hills, Alameda Co., Calif. (E. C. VanDyke) ; March 25,
1919, Monterey Co., Carmel, Calif. (E. C. V. D.) ; Sept.
4, 1905, Palo Alto, Calif.; April 11, 1919, San Francisco,
Calif. (E. P. VanDuzee) ; May 1, 1921, Fairfax, Marin
Co., Calif. (E. C. V. D.).
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 207
Nemoura cornuta Claassen.
(Plate 35, figs. 13-15.)
1923. Nemoura cornuta Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:285.
Male. Length to tip of wings, 7.5 mm.; expanse, 12.5
mm.
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax ; hind
ocelli closer to eyes than to each other. Prothorax brown,
narrow, a little longer than wide, surface somewhat ru-
gose; sides straight, angles rather narrowly rounded.
Legs uniformly brown. Wings uniformly hyaline; anal
field and hind wings large. Two groups of gills in the
cervical region.
Subanal lobes prolonged into irregular chitinized proc-
esses bluntly pointed ; cerci membranous ; above the cer-
ci a horn-like chitinized process about as long as the
cercus ; supra-anal process recurved, slender, membranous
above, chitinized below ; sugenital plate rather short, the
tip truncate; ventral lobe slender, about four times as
long as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, June 22, 1920, Nanaimo, B. C, Biologi-
cal Station (E. P. Van Duzee). In the Collection of the
California Academy of Sciences.
Nemoura californica Claassen.
(Plate 35, figs. 16-19.)
1923. Nemoura californica. Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:284.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8 mm.; female, 8.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 14.5 mm. ; female, 15 mm.
General color brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax, uniformly dark brown; hind ocelli at least twice
as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax uniformly
brown, wider than long, somewhat narrowed behind, sur-
face nearly smooth, angles rather narrowly rounded. Legs
brown. Wings subhyaline; anal field of hind wings nar-
row. Gills present in four groups of filaments in cervical
region.
Male. Subanal lobes wide, produced, upcurved and bear-
ing before the apex a short tooth ; cerci membranous ; at
base of cerci a short inward pointing, chitinous horn;
supra-anal process recurved ; much widened beyond base,
the membranous portion finely spinulose ; subgenital plate
quite short; ventral lobe narrow, at least three times as
long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite unmodified; eighth sternite
208 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
considerably produced with median notch ; just before
the notch a blunt tubercle.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, March 22, 1908, Oak-
land Hills, Alameda Co., Calif. (E. C. VanDyke, in the Col-
lection of the California Academy of Sciences) ; allotype,
female, April 6, 1897, Seattle, Wash. ; one female, 4-6-97,
Seattle, Wash. ; one male, May 27, 1903, Fieldbrook, Calif.
(H. S. Barber) ; one female and one male, May 15, 1894,
Olympia, Wash.; two males, 20-7-03, Bear Lake, B. C;
one male, Sept. 4, 1891, Bouter's Ranch, Mont.
Nemoura sinuata Wu.
(Plate 36, figs. 1-4.)
1923. Nemoura sinuata Wu, Bulletin Lloyd Library No. 23, Ento-
mological Series, No. 3:1-47.*
Length to tip of wings, male, 8-9 mm. ; female, 9-10
mm. Expanse, male, 14-14.5 mm.; female, 16-16.5 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax,
dark brown ; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other.
Prothorax hardly, wider than long, narrowed behind
angles widely rounded. Legs brown, femora sometimes
slightly darker in middle. Wings subhyaline, lightly in-
fuscated at stigma; anal field of hind wings small. Four
groups of gills in cervical region.
Male. Subanal lobes divided into two narrow chitinous
bands, the inner smooth, unarmed and only about half as
long as the outer, which is long sinuate and armed with
spines, and ends in a sharp point ; cerci large, membranous
and borne on a narrow chitinous band, the basipodite;
subgenital plate not much prolonged ; ventral lobe narrow,
about three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite not produced; eighth ster-
nite heavily chitinized in center and somewhat produced,
with a deep median notch.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, June
Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University Collection). Many speci-
mens, males and females, June to August, Ithaca, N. Y.,
and vicinity; July 5, 1918, Newcomb, N. Y. ; July-Aug.,
Old Forge, N. Y. ; June 13, 1910, Gloversville, N. Y. ; Etna,
Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; McLean, Tompkins, Co., N. Y.; July
1, 1923, Alcohol Brook, Adirondack Lodge, N. Y. ; March
18-21, 1911, Barton, Ga. ; June, 1912, Black Mts., N. C.
Beutenmuller) ; July 18, 1919, Mt. Mitchell, N. C. (R. W.
Leiby) ; June 26, 1920, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. (C. J.
Drake) ; Greene Co., N. Y.
*This species is described by Wu in footnotes in the above cited paper. He also
figures the genitalia.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 209
Nemoura venusta Banks.
(Plate 36, figs. 5-8.)
1911. Nemoura venusta Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37:337.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7-7.5 mm. ; female, 8.5-10
mm. Expanse, male, 12-13 mm. ; female, 14-18 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax ;
hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as to each other.
Prothorax almost as long as wide, hardly narrowed be-
hind, angles rather broadly rounded. Wings infuscated
but with about thirty clear rounded spots distributed
quite regularly over the entire wing; anal field of hind
wings narrow. Gills present.
Male. Subanal lobes divided into two unequal chiti-
nized bands, the outer lobe only about half as long as the
inner which is membranous on the inside ; both bands are
armed with stout spines ; cerci membranous ; supra-anal
process recurved, armed with spines underneath ; subgen-
ital plate rather short; ventral lobe narrow, about four
times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced over entire eighth
segment as a large broadly rounded subgenital plate ; gen-
ital opening of eighth sternite guarded by two short, trun-
cate lobes.
Type, female, No. 11357, Huachuca Mts., Ariz. (Banks
Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; Aug. 10, 1919, Estes Park, Colo. (P.
W. Claassen).
Nemoura venosa Banks.
(Plate 36, figs. 9-12.)
1891. Nemoura venosa Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:21.
1904. Nemoura. venosa Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Nemoura venosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
1920. Nemoura stylata Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:324.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 7.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 12 mm. ; female, 13.5 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head blackish, wider
than prothorax, hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each
other. Prothorax quadrangular, little wider than long,
hardly narrowed behind ; angles rounded. Wings quite
heavily infuscated, sometimes almost black; anal field of
hind wings narrow.
Male. Subanal lobes divided into two chitinized upcurved
bands, the inner longer and at the tip membranous on the
inside, both bands armed with spines ; cerci membranous ;
supra-anal process recurved, armed underneath with
heavy spines ; subgenital plate not much produced ; ven-
tral lobe at least three times as long as wide.
210 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Female. Seventh sternite produced into a broadly
rounded subgenital plate which covers at least half of the
following segment ; eighth sternite notched in middle, the
genital opening guarded by two rounded valves.
Distribution. — Cotypes, No. 11361 9 and two 6 's,
Colden, N. Y., July 6, 1895 (Banks Collection Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
The Banks Collection also contains the following: one
female, June 5, Chain Bridge, Va. ; one female, June 25,
Great Falls, Va. ; one female, Aug., Aurora, W. Va.
We have specimens from the following localities : June
29, Ringwood, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; May 21, Enfield Glen,
Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; June 2, 1923, McLean, Tompkins
Co., N. Y.; June 1, 1905, West Danby, N. Y. (A. D. Mac-
Gillivray) ; May 29, 1902, Newport, N. Y.; June 22, 1910,
Woolworth Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. (C. P. Alexander) ;
July 1, 1923. Alcohol Brook, Adirondack Lodge, N. Y. (P.
W. Claassen) ; June 26, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y. (J. G. Need-
ham) ; June 26, 1920, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. (C. J.
Drake) ; May 21, 1911, Barton, Ga. (J. C. Bradley) ; May
18, 1911, Clayton, Ga. (J. C. Bradley) ; May 29-June 5,
Raleigh, N. C; June 28, 1903, Lake Forest, 111. (J. G.
Needham) ; June 18, 1888, Waltham, Mass. (S. Henshaw) ;
June 14, N. Adams, Mass. ; Sept. 8, 1889, Port Arthur,
Ont. ; Penn.
Nemoura coloradensis Banks.
(Plate 36, figs. 13-16.)
1897. Nemoura coloradensis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:2.
1907. Nemoura coloradensis Banks, Cat., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5-9.5 mm. ; female,
10-10.5 mm. Expanse, male, 14-15 mm.; female, 15-16
mm.
General color blackish brown.
Head not wider than prothorax ; hind ocelli closer to
eyes than to each other ; antennae blackish.
Prothorax slightly wider than long, moderately rugose ;
angles narrowly rounded. Legs dark brown, the femora
darker toward the tip, but not banded. Wings lightly in-
fuscated and somewhat darker at the stigma; anal field
of hind wings narrow. Gills present.
Male. Subanal lobes produced, upcurved and bluntly
pointed (side view) ; viewed from below the subanal lobes
are divided into two parts, the inner short truncate, the
outer longer, upcurved ; cerci large membranous ; above
base of cercus is a rounded, membranous, hairy knob ;
supra-anal process recurved, slender, finely spinulose
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 211
above; subgenital plate not much produced; ventral lobe
about three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite slightly produced in middle,
eighth sternite with a deep median notch ; ninth sternite
with a dark spot each side.
Distribution. — Type, male, No. 11358, from Colorado
(Banks Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
The following additional specimens are in the Banks
Collection ; one female, July 29, 1907, one male, July 23,
1907, one female, July 27, two females, Aug. 5, 1907,
Florissant, Colo. (S. A. Rohwer) ; one male, June 10, Fort
Collins, Colo.; one male, Aug. 12, 1907, Chimney Gulch,
Golden, Colo. ; one female, Aug. 22, 1907, Boulder, Colo.
(S. A. Rohwer).
We have specimens from the following localities : June
27 to July 8, 1906, Florissant, Colo. (T. D. A. Cockrell) ;
Manitou, Colo., 1877 (Morrison).
Nemoura producta Claassen.
(Plate 37, figs. 1-4.)
1923. Nemoura producta Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:286.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11 mm.; female, 11.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 20 mm. ; female, 21 mm.
General color brown to blackish brown. Head wider
than prothorax nearly smooth ; hind ocelli a little closer
to eyes than to each other. Prothorax wider than long,
slightly narrowed behind; angles quite sharp. Legs
brown, not banded. Wings subhyaline ; 1st A and 2nd A
of f orewing united before margin ; anal field of hind wings
large. Gills apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes broad, produced, upcurved and en-
larged at tip (side view), on the inside (ventral view)
armed with a stout spine-like process; cerci small, mem-
branous ; supra-anal process bent up but not recurved,
with chitinous structures surrounded by a finely spinulose
membrane; subgenital plate long, narrow; ventral lobe
about three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced into a narrow,
evenly rounded subgenital plate which reaches across
most of segment eight; eighth sternite unmodified.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, without any label. Cor-
nell University Collection.
212 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Nemoura cinctipes Banks.
(Plate 82, fig. 2; plate 37, figs. 5-8.)
1897. Nemoura cinctipes Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:21.
1907. Nemoura cinctipes Banks, Can. Ent.. 39:329.
1907. Nemoura cinctipes Banks, Cat., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-10 mm. ; female, 13
mm. Expanse, male, 15-16 mm. ; female, 22-24 mm.
General color blackish brown, with banded legs and
wings.
Head a little wider than prothorax ; hind ocelli closer to
eyes than to each other ; antennae brown.
Prothorax dark brown, surface slightly rugose, wider
than long, narrowed behind, angles broadly rounded. Legs
dark brown, femora with a yellow band beyond the mid-
dle. Wings with three transverse dark bands, one at the
tip, another midway between the cord and tip and the
third extending more or less across the entire cord (some-
times the entire forewings quite heavily infuscated, espe-
cially along the veins), anal field of hind wings large.
Four groups of gills present.
Male. Subanal lobes very broad, truncate, on inner
margin with a short spine-like process ; cerci large mem-
branous, with a narrow chitinized collar or basipodite;
supra-anal process recurved, much enlarged (side view),
largely membranous and spinulose on the outer halves;
subgenital plate moderately produced; ventral lobe about
three times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced over the entire
eighth segment as a broadly rounded subgenital plate;
eighth sternite unmodified.
Distribution. — Type, female, No. 11363, Olympia, Wash,
(in Banks Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.).
The Banks Collection also contains specimens as fol-
lows: two females, one male, Olympia, Wash.; two males,
two females, Wellington, B. C. ; two females, April 30, and
May 1, Bon Acord, B. C. ; one male, one female, March 27,
1902, Coldstream, B. C; one female, July 3, 1901, Port
Renfrew, B. C.
We have specimens from the following localities: July
1-3, 1915, Maligne Lake, Alberta, Can. (E. L. Diven) ;
June 22, 1908, Banff, Alberta, Can. (J. C. Bradley) ; July
17, 1908, Selkirk Mts., B. C. (J. C. Bradley) ; July 12-18,
1908, Carbonate to Prairie Hills, B. C. (J. C. Bradley) ;
March, 1923, Terrace, B. C. (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley) ;
March 31-April 3, 1915, Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier,
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 213
Wash. (J. C. Bradley); March-June, Seattle, Wash.;
April-May, Olympia, Wash. (Trever Kincaid) ; July 15,
1920, Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Wash. ; May 20, 1921,
Yosemite Valley, Calif. (E. C. VanDyke) ; June 16, 1911,
Hills back of Oakland, Calif. (E. C. VanDyke) ; July 7,
1916, Eldorado Co., Calif. (A. C. Brown) ; Aug. 3, 1921,
Fern Lake, Estes Park, Colo. (P. W. Claassen) ; Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; June 25, 1913, Long's Peak Trail,
Colo. (T. D. A. Cockerell) .
Nemoura oregonensis Claassen.
(Plate 37, figs. 9-11.)
1923. Nemoura oregonensis Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:288.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5 mm. Expanse, male,
16 mm.
General color brown with banded legs and wings. Head
wider than prothorax, brown, with a black spot beside the
eyes just in front of hind ocelli; rest of head somewhat
mottled; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other.
Prothorax brown, quite rugose ; the rugosities blackish ;
wider than long, narrowed behind; angles very broadly
rounded. Legs dark brown ; femora with a light trans-
verse band just beyond the midlle. Wings infuscated,
with a light transverse band before the cord and one be-
yond ; anal field of hind wings large. Four finger-like gills
in the cervical region.
Male. Subanal lobes very wide, almost as wide as long,
truncate, and bearing on the inside (ventral view) a small
tooth ; cerci short, membranous ; supra-anal process re-
curved, greatiy enlarged, partly membranous, armed be-
low with a double row of spines, above also with a few
spines; subgenital plate short; ventral lobe truncate,
about two and one-half times as long as wide.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, male, June 21, 1922, Blitzen Valley, Harney
Co., Ore. (W. J. Chamberlin, Cornell University Collec-
tion).
Nemoura trispinosa Claassen.
(Plate 37, figs. 12-15.)
1923. Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:289.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5 mm. ; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 14.5 mm. ; female, 16.5 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head considerably wider
than prothorax; hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes
as to each other. Prothorax slightly rugose, wider than
214 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
long, narrowed behind ; angles widely rounded. Wings
uniformly subhyaline ; anal field of hind wings large. Gills
apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes wide, entire, with hind margin
broadly bilobed ; cerci greatly modified into accessory cop-
ulatory organs, the outer half heavily chitinized and
terminating in three spines, the inner portion mem-
branous ; supra-anal process recurved, much enlarged,
largely membranous, and below, armed with small spines;
subgenital plate short; ventral lobe broad, truncate,
about one-half times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced into a broadly
rounded subgenital plate which covers most of segment
eight ; eighth sternite unmodified.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, June 17-20, 1904, Mud
Creek, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Cornell University Collection.
One male, Murray Bay, Province of Quebec, July or
August, 1878 (E. Corning, Jr.) ; June 2, 1923, McLean,
Tompkins Co., N. Y.
Nemoura similis Hagen.
(Plate 37, fig. 16.)
1861. Taeniopteryx similis Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 34.
3 907. Nemoura similis Banks, Cat. Neur., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, female, 8.5 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 16 mm.
General color black.
Head shiny black, wider than prothorax; hind ocelli
about twice as close to eyes as to each other.
Prothorax black, very rugose; considerably widened
posteriorly, wider than long; front angles very broadly
rounded, hind angles narrowly rounded. Wings with
three transverse dark bands, one at the apex, one across
the cord and a wide band at the base.
Abdomen dark brown. Gills apparently absent.
Female. Seventh sternite unmodified ; eighth sternite
somewhat produced, with a shallow median notch.
Male unknown.
Type, female, No. 252, May, Washington, D. C. (Osten
Sacken, in Hagen Collection, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, Mass.).
We have not been able to find any males which can be
definitely placed with this female.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 21,5
Nemoura vallicularia Wu.
(Plate 38, figs. 1-4.)
1923. Nemoura vallicularia Wu, Bulletin Lloyd Library No. 23, Ento-
mological series No. 3:1-47.*
Length to tip of wings, male, 11 mm. ; female, 12.6 mm.
Expanse, male, 17.5 mm. ; female, 19.5 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head a little wider than
prothorax ; hind ocelli little closer to eyes than to each
other; antennae dark brown. Prothorax dark brown,
somewhat lighter on sides ; wider than long ; slightly nar-
rowed behind; angles broadly rounded. Legs yellowish
brown. Wings uniformly smoky ; 1st A and 2nd A of
forewing united before margin; anal field of hind wings
large. Gills absent.
Male. Subanal lobes, as viewed from side, flask shaped,
recurved over body, truncate at tip; cerci very small,
membranous; supra-anal process not recurved but di-
rected upward and slightly backwards; subgenital plate
rather narrow, long and turned up at right angles ; ventral
lobe about two and one-half times as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced over entire eighth
segment into a narrow subgenital plate which is evenly
rounded behind ; eighth sternite unmodified ; ninth ster-
nite with a small round blackish spot each side.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, Ithaca,
N. Y. Cornell University Collection. Many males and fe-
males, April and May, Ithaca, N. Y., and vicinity ; June 20,
Monmouth, Me. (C. A. Frost) ; March 28, Mosholu, N. Y.;
March 6, 1902, Nassau, N. Y.; March 31, 1902, Ilion, N.
Y. ; April 10, 1903, Clinton, N. Y. ; April 14, Riverton, N.
J. ; 1877, Morganton, N. C. (Morrison) ; May, 1912, Sun-
burst, N. C. (F. Sherman).
Nemoura carolinensis Claassen.
(Plate 38, figs. 5-7.)
1923. Nemoura carolinensis Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:287.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9 mm. Expanse, 16 mm.
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax, uni-
formly brown; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each
other. Prothorax wider than long, uniformly brown,
slightly rugulose, considerably narrowed behind, angles
narrowly rounded. Legs uniformly brown. Wings uni-
formly subhyaline ; anal field of hind wings narrow. Gills
apparently absent.
*This paper contains, besides the technical description, a very complete account
of the morphology, anatomy and biology.
216 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Subanal lobes entire, greatly enlarged, curved upward
and in side view shaped somewhat like a boot ; cerci small,
membranous; supra-anal process produced backward and
upward, the outer sheaths membranous and finely spinu-
lose; subgenital plate much produced and bent upwards;
ventral lobe about twice as long as wide.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, male, 1877, Morgantown, N. C. (Morrison, in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
Nemoura nevadensis Claassen.
(Plate 38, figs. 8-11.)
1923. Nemoura nevadensis Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:286.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10.5-11 mm.; female,
14.5-15 mm. Expanse, male, 17-18 mm.; female, 22-24
mm.
General color dark brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax ; lateral tubercles large ; hind ocelli closer to eyes
than to each other. Prothorax dark brown, somewhat
lighter on the lateral and anterior margins; wider than
long; somewhat narrowed behind; front angles narrowly
rounded, hind angles more broadly rounded. Legs brown.
Wings subhyaline, veins heavy, somewhat infuscated at
the stigma; 1st and 2nd A of front wings united before
the margin ; anal field of hind wings large. Gills absent.
Male. Subanal lobes very large, upcurved, the tip
slightly truncate, cerci very small, membranous; supra-
anal process produced backward and upward, the outer
sheaths wide and bearing spines on upper and lower mar-
gin; inner sheaths slender, unarmed; subgenital plate
very long, upcurved, with many transverse ridges before
the tip ; ventral lobe large, about twice as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced over the entire
eighth segment as an evenly rounded subgenital plate;
eighth sternite unmodified.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, 1878,
Reno, Nev. (Morrison, in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.).
One female, Eureka, Calif., May 22 (H. S. Barber) ; one
male, Yosemite Valley, Calif., May 24, 1921 (E. C. Van-
Dyke) ; one female, Tenino, Wash. (H. G. Hubbard) ; one
female, Sausalito, Calif., May, 1913 (J. C. Thompson).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 217
Nemoura washingtoniana Claassen.
(Plate 38, figs. 12-1 5.)
1923. Nemoura washing! out Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:287.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9.5-10 mm.; female, 11
mm. Expanse, male, 16-17 mm.; female 19 mm.
General color dark brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax, uniformly brown ; hind ocelli closer to eyes than
to each other. Prothorax much wider than long, smooth,
somewhat narrowed behind ; front angles broadly
rounded, hind angles subacute. Wings uniformly subhy-
aline except for a slight infuscation at the stigma; 1st
and 2nd A of forewing united before the margin; anal
area of hind wing large. Gills apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes very large, narrowed at base, up-
curved and produced into a triangular process at the up-
per inner angle; cerci very small, membranous. Supra-
anal process not recurved but produced backward and up-
ward, composed of a double sheath on each side, the in-
ner sheaths broad and armed with spines above, the outer
sheaths slender and unarmed ; subgenital plate long, very
hairy and turned up at a right angle ; ventral lobe large,
about twice as long as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced backward into a
rounded subgenital plate which reaches beyond the hind
margin of segment eight; genital opening not guarded
by distinct valves.
Holotype, male, June 15, 1877, Mt. Washington, N. H.
(Cornell University Collection) ; allotype, female, June 16,
1916, Glen House, N. H. (C. W. Johnson) ; two females,
June 14-16, 1916, Glen House, N. H. (C. W. Johnson).
Nemoura interrupta Claassen.
(Plate 38, figs. 16-18.)
1923. Nemoura interrupta Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:288.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11.5 mm.; expanse, 19
mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax,
covered with rather long hair; hind ocelli closer to eyes
than to each other.
Prothorax wider than long, somewhat narrowed be-
hind ; slightly rugose ; angles quite sharp. Legs uniformly
brown. Wings subhyaline, first and second A of forewing
united before margin ; anal field of hind wings large. Gills
apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes prolonged and curved up at right
angles, constricted near the middle, the lobe beyond
218 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
evenly rounded and very finely spinulose; cerci small,
membranous; supra-anal process directed upwards and
backwards, the outer sheaths with a dentate margin
above; subgenital plate quite narrow, considerably pro-
longed, turning up almost at a right angle, ventral lobe
about twice as long as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, April 4, 1898, Seattle, Wash. (Cornell
University Collection).
Nemoura truncata Claassen.
(Plate 39, figs. 1-3.)
1923. Nemoura truncata Claassen Can. Ent., 55:290.
Male. Length to tip of wings, 7 mm. ; expanse, 12.5 mm.
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax, uni-
formly brown, covered with fine pile; hind ocelli closer
to eyes than to each other. Prothorax uniformly brown,
somewhat rugulose, wider than long, slightly widened be-
hind, angles rather broadly rounded. Legs uniformly pale
brown. Wings hyaline; anal field of hind wings large.
Gills apparently absent.
Subanal lobes entire, modified into slender pointed proc-
esses which reach to the end of the subgenital plate ; cerci
large, chitinized, bent inward at the tip and ending in a
sharp point; supra-anal process recurved, closely ap-
pressed upon the tergum, much widened toward the tip
and above with a small pointed tubercle; subgenital plate
arising from about the middle of the ninth sternite,
broadly truncate at the tip; ventral lobe small, about
twice as long as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, May 13, 1879, Walden, Mass. (S. Hen-
shaw, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.).
Nemoura serrata Claassen.
(Plate 39, figs. 4-<».)
1923. Nemoura serrata Claassen Can. Ent., 55:289.
Male. Length to tip of wings, 7 mm. ; expanse, 12.5 mm.
General color dark brown.
Head wider than prothorax, occiput mottled with darker
brown ; hind ocelli nearly twice as close to eyes as to
each other. Prothorax wider than long, sides straight, not
narrowed behind ; surface moderately rugose ; front
angles broadly rounded, hind angles sharp. Legs uni-
formly lighter brown. Wings uniformly subhyaline ; anal
field of hind wings narrow. Gills apparently absent.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 219
Subanal lobes entire, modified into slender processes
which are armed near the tip with two sharp triangular
spines ; cerci long, chitinized, bent inward and ending in a
sharp point ; supra-anal process very wide, curved upward
and (side view) bifurcate at tip ; subgenital plate arising
from about the middle of the ninth sternite, narrow,
divided at the tip, each half serrate on the outer margin ;
ventral lobe nearly three times as large as wide.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, June 8, 1921, Bar Harbor, Me. (C. W.
Johnson) ; one male, June 3, 1920, Cranberry Lake, N. Y.
(C. J. Drake, in Cornell University Collection).
Nemoura prolongata Claassen.
(Plate 39, figs. 7-10.)
1923. Nemoura prolongata Claassen Can. Ent., 55:289-290.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7.3 mm. ; female, 8.3 mm.
Expanse, male, 12.5 mm. ; female, 14.5 mm.
General color dark brown. Head very much wider than
prothorax, nearly uniformly brown, rather thickly clothed
with short hairs, hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each
other. Prothorax dark brown, somewhat lighter toward
the lateral margins; little wider than long; hardly nar-
rowed behind; angles rounded. Legs uniformly brown.
Wings uniformly subhyaline. Gills aparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes undivided and prolonged into long,
slender, somewhat membranous processes; supra-anal
process turned up but not recurved, very complex, the
outer lobes membranous and armed with spines, the cen-
tral portion chitinized and armed with large .spine-like
processes ; cerci very long, chitinized and bent upward and
inward; subgenital plate narrow, very long and curved
upward ; ventral lobe narrow, at least three times as long
as wide.
Female. Seventh sternite produced into a subgenital
plate, reaching across the eighth sternite ; genital opening
not guarded by valves.
Holotype, male, June 26, 1913, Bretton Woods, N. H.
(C. W. Johnson) ; allotype, female, Orono, Me. (Cornell
University Collection) ; one male, one female, Orono, Me.
Nemoura rotunda Claassen.
(Plate 39, figs. 11-14.)
1923. Nemoura rotunda Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:290.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7-7.5 mm. ; female, 10-11
mm. Expanse, male 11-12 mm. ; female 14-15 mm.
220 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
General color dark brown.
Head much wider than prothorax; hind ocelli closer to
eyes than to each other. Prothorax quadrangular, very
little wider than long, slightly narrowed behind, quite
rugose ; angles rather narrowly rounded. Wings subhy-
aline, with two transverse darker bands; anal field of
hind wings large. Gills apparently absent.
Male. Subanal lobes hardly modified ; cerci membra-
nous; inserted low on the side; just above each cercus a
large chitinous process, covered with heavy spines, pro-
duced backward and inward ; supra-anal process short en-
larged, ending in complex lobes and chitinizations ; sub-
genital plate short ; ventral lobe circular, about as wide as
long.
Female. Seventh sternite unmodified; eighth sternite
somewhat swollen in middle and slightly produced into a
subgenital plate.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, April, Waldeboro,
Me. (Cornell University Collection) ; June 4 and April
25, Waldeboro, Me.; one male, March-May, Waldeboro,
Me. (J. H. Lowell) ; one male, March 12, Orono, Me.
Nemoura stigmata Banks.
(Plate 39, figs. 15-17.)
1900. Nemoura stigmata Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 26:244.
1907. Nemoura stigmata Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 16 mm. Expanse, male,
28 mm.
General color dark brown. Head a little narrower than
prothorax; nearly uniformly dark brown except for a
small lighter depressed area between the hind ocelli and
the eyes; hind ocelli twice as close to eyes as to
each other ; antennae dark brown.
Prothorax wider than long, somewhat widened behind ;
front angles narrowly rounded, hind angles quite sharp ;
surface hardly rugose; a darker longitudinal band each
side of the median line. Legs brown ; femora darker at
the tip. Wings subhyaline with an elongate dark spot be-
yond the stigma.
Male. Ninth sternite with two prominent rounded
knobs; subanal lobes modified into very long, slender,
chitinous, processes which recurve over the abdomen
where they fit into the supra-anal process which also re-
curves and is chitinized ; cerci long and slender but not
strongly chitinized; subgenital plate not much produced;
ventral lobe heavily chitinized and spine-like.
Female. Unknown.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 221
Type, male, No. 11360, Winnipeg, June 17 (Banks Col-
lection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.).
Nemoura punctipennis Claassen.
(Plate 32, fig. 3; plate 39, figs. 18-20.)
1923. Nemoura punctipennis Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:291.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5 mm. ; female, 6.5-7.5
mm. Expanse, male, 11.5 mm.; female, 11.5-13 mm.
General color black with banded legs and spotted wings.
Head black, wider than prothorax, feebly pilose; a de-
pression in the ocellar triangle ; hind ocelli a little closer
to eyes than to each other; eyes large.
Prothorax blackish, wider than long, not narrowed be-
hind; surface irregular but not very rugose. Meso and
metathorax blackish. Legs dark brown, femora with a
light transverse band near the tip, especially pronounced
in the hind femora; first tarsal segment long, about as
long as two and three together, second tarsal segment a
little shorter than the third. Wings with heavy brown
veins ; inf uscated along the costal margin between costa
and radius, a transverse band at the cord and a lighter
band beyond the cord ; anal area of hind wings large.
Abdomen yellowish brown except the tip which is
darkly chitinized (8, 9 and 10 in the male, and 9 and 10
in the female).
Male. Subanal lobes small, rounded behind and un-
modified. Supra-anal process recurved over the abdomen,
heavily chitinized underneath, broad at the base, tapering
to a slender point, cleft in the middle with a membrane
on top and two rearward pointing spines behind. Cerci
composed of one chitinized segment. Subgenital plate
short, pointed and without ventral lobe at the base ; tenth
tergite depressed in the middle with a raised knob on each
side.
Female. Seventh sternite produced posteriorly over
eighth sternite which is unmodified ; genital opening not
guarded by distinct valves.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, June
12-22, 1901, Adirondack Mts., Axton, N. Y. (A. D. Mc-
Gillivray and C. O. Houghton, in Cornell University Col-
lection) ; two females, June 12-22, 1901, Adirondack Mts.,
Axton, N. Y. (same collectors) ; one female, Old Forge,
N. Y., June 26, 1905 ; one female, Tim Pond Plantation,
Me., June 22.
222
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Genus LEUCTRA Stephens.
1836. Leuctra Stephens, 111. Maud., 6:145.
L842. Leuctra Piotet, Perlides, p. 363.
3861. Leuctra Hagen, Syn. Neurop. X. A., p. 37.
1894. Leuctra Morton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud., p. 559.
1898. Leuctra Kempny, Verh. K.-K. Zool-bot. Gesell. Wien.
1907. Leuctra Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
1909. Leuctra Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:394.
Size small, seldom over 10
mm. long; second tarsal seg-
ment very short; cerci com-
posed of a single segment;
wings involute at rest, uni-
formly hyaline or smoky,
never banded ; subcosta runs
out to the costal margin, and
at the tip, or just before,
drops down a vein (Sc2) to
radius at right angles ; radial
sector forked but once, the
single fork originating at or
before the cord; no M-Cu
crossveins beyond the cord;
several Cu crossveins beyond
the cord ; Cul of forewing
without accessory brancnes,
Cul of hind wing forked;
radial sector of hind wings
originates from the same
crossveins from which media
springs ; anal field of hind wing narrow.
Male. Ninth sternite produced into a short sub-
genital plate which usually bears a short hairy ventral
lobe near the base ; supra-anal process small, triangular or
rounded and sometimes bent under the tenth tergite ; cerci
either unmodified or heavily chitinized and armed with
hooks or spines ; subanal lobes produced into slender chiti-
nous processes and lying just outside of each of these lobes
there is usually another more slender, pointed chitinous
process (titillator of Klapalek). These titillators in all
probability are parts of the subanal lobes; seventh and
eighth tergites often with chitinous hooks or processes,
which furnish excellent specific characters.
Female. Seventh abdominal sternite unmodified ; eighth
sternite usually bearing a distinct, notched subgenital
plate.
Fig-. 26. Leuctra kamula Clsn.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 223
Genotype, Leuctra geniculates Steph., European.
Distribution. — Generally distributed over the United
States and Canada.
Key to the Species of Leuctra.
Males.
1. Cerci modified into large, chitinized, accessory
copulatory organs, armed with hooks or spines 2
Cerci unarmed 3
2. Subgenital plate deeply emarginate behind;
probe (modified subanal lobes) slender, with a
large membranous bulb at tip bradleyi
Subgenital plate only slightly emarginate behind,
probe not enlarged into a bulb at tip
occidentalis
3. Seventh and eighth abdominal tergites smooth,
titillators either absent, or when present, re-
curved upon the abdomen and not in close prox-
imity to the subanal lobes 4
Either the seventh or eighth abdominal tergites,
or both, with raised chitinous plates or proc-
esses except decepta which seems to vary consid-
erably in this character ; titillators always pres-
ent and lying in close proximity to the subanal
lobes 5
4. Titillators and ventral lobe absent glabra
Titillators and ventral lobe present, the former
recurved ; subanal lobes sword-shaped ; cerci at
least four times as long as wide
5. Seventh and eighth abdominal tergites each with
two short raised triangular chitinous processes
duplicata
Not so 6
6. Only the seventh tergite with raised chitinous
process 7
Only the eighth tergite with raised chitinous
process 10
7. Chitinous process of seventh tergite long, slen-
der, truncate, much longer than wide and reach-
ing across entire seventh tergite and well upon
the eighth tenuis
Chitinous process of seventh tergite short, wide,
as wide or wider than long 8
8. Chitinous process of seventh tergite much wider
than long, hind margin rounded; reaching not
224 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
more than half way across seventh tergite
hamula
Chitinous process about as wide as long and
reaching across entire seventh tergite 9
9. Chitinous process spatulate, gradually drawn to
a point in the middle ; titillators about as long
as subanal lobes ; ventral lobe wider than long ;
length, 8.5 mm. carolinensis
Chitinous process more or less trilobed ; titillators
shorter than subanal lobes ; ventral lobe about
as wide as long; length, 6.5 mm. triloba
10. Eighth abdominal tergite with a single chitinous
process 11
Eighth abdominal tergite with two chitinous
processes or a single bifurcate process 12
11. Chitinous process of eighth tergite short trun-
cate truncata
Chitinous process of eighth tergite rounded, and
hardly raised decepta
12. Eighth abdominal tergite with two slender,
finger-like processes, widely separate and each
several times as long as wide sibleyi
Eighth abdominal tergite with a raised, bifurcate,
chitinous process 13
13. Chitinous process short, not reaching more than
half way across the eighth tergite; the lobes
broadly truncate biloba
Chitinous process reaching to hind border of
eighth tergite; the lobes sharply triangular —
grand is
Leuctra augusta Banks.
(Plate 42, fig. 1.)
1907. Leuctra augustus Banks, Can. Ent., 39:330.
Length to tip of wings, female, 10 mm. ; expanse, 18
mm. General color very dark brown or black. Head wider
than prothorax, black, covered with whitish pile; hind
ocelli about three diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax
much narrower than head ; as long as wide, blackish ; nar-
rowed behind ; angles rounded ; median longitudinal field
about one-fourth the width of entire pronotum ; disc of
pronotum very slightly rugose. Legs brown. Wings rusty ;
2 to 4 Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Unknown.
Female. The abdomen of the first type specimen, No.
11368, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, is gone.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 225
The second specimen is badly shrivelled but the eighth
abdominal sternite apparently is but slightly produced
and broadly emarginate in the middle.
Type No. 11368, Aug. 10, 1902, Port Renfrew, B. C.
(Banks Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.).
Leuctra biloba Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs. 9, 10; plate 42, fig. 6.)
1923. Leuctra biloba Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:258.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 8.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 12 mm. ; female, 14.5 mm.
General color blackish brown ; head wider than pro-
thorax, blackish, closely covered with fine pile ; hind ocelli
between two and three diameters distant from eyes. Pro-
thorax dark brown, a little narrowed behind (in female
not narrowed behind), wider than long; front angles
broadly rounded, hind angles rather sharp ; median longi-
tudinal field at least one-fifth the width of pronotum ; disc
only slightly rugose. Legs brown. Wings dusky f umose ;
2-4 Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. From the anterior margin of the eighth tergite
there projects backward a raised bilobed chitinous proc-
ess, the lobes of which are truncate ; from the tenth ter-
gite projecting forward a bilobed chitinous process whose
lobes are evenly rounded ; supra-anal lobe broadly
rounded; cerci unmodified; subanal lobes broadly elon-
gate ; titillators slender, a little shorter than subanal
lobes ; ninth sternite somewhat produced, not heavily
chitinized; ventral lobe half again as long as wide, bear-
ing long hairs.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
bilobed subgenital plate with a shallow triangular median
notch.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, May 20-25, 1911,
Black Rock Mt., Rabun Co., Ga. (CornellUniversity) ; one
male, same locality as type.
Leuctra bradleyi Claassen.
(Plate 41, figs. 12-15; plate 32, fig. 1.)
1923. Leuctra bradleyi Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:257.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6 mm. Expanse, male,
10.5 mm.
General color brown. Head brown, wider than pro-
thorax, feebly pilose ; hind ocelli about two diameters
distant from eyes. Prothorax hardly wider than long,
226 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
brown, front angles quite broadly rounded, hind angles
sharp ; slightly narrowed behind ; median longitudinal
field one-fourth the width of pronotum ; disc somewhat
rugose. Legs brown. Wings reddish fumose; two Cu
crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Abdominal tergites unmodified except 10, which
is partly cleft, each side being triangularly produced pos-
teriorly; supra-anal lobe triangular, bearing at the tip a
slender recurved whiplike process ; cerci modified into
chitinous armed processes, bulbous at the base and bear-
ing at the tip as well as below a sharp tooth ; subanal lobes
greatly modified into a probe, each lobe receding into
segment nine where the two lobes unite into a long, slen-
der, posteriorly produced, upcurved probe bearing at the
tip a bulbous membranous enlargement ; titillators absent ;
ninth sternite produced into a subgenital plate which is
medially deeply and broadly notched; ventral lobe large,
hairy, and half again as long as wide.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, male, July 4, 1908, Emerald Lake, Canadian
Rockies (J. C. Bradley, in Cornell University Collection).
Leuctra carolinensis Claassen.
(Plate 41, figs. 1-3; plate 42, fig. 10; plate 32, fig. 4.)
1923. Leuctra carolinensis Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:258.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5 mm. ; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 15 mm. ; female, 15.5 mm.
General color dark brown or blackish. Head blackish,
wider than prothorax; hind ocelli about two diameters
distant from the eyes. Prothorax dark brown, the rugosi-
ties blackish, wider than long, not narrowed behind ; front
angles rounded, hind angles sharp; median longitudinal
field between one-fourth and one-fifth the width of pro-
notum ; disc quite rugose. Legs brown. Wings dark
fumose.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite bearing a broad, tri-
angular, spatulate, raised, chitinous process reaching en-
tirely across the seventh tergite ; supra-anal lobe triangu-
lar, short, hairy ; cerci unmodified ; subanal lobes quite
broad ; titillators about as long as subanal lobes, broad at
base but beyond very slender and curved ; ninth sternite
slightly produced backward; ventral lobe small, wider
than long, hairy.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
bilobed, widely emarginate subgenital plate, reaching at
PLECOPTEBA OF NORTH AMEEICA 227
least half way across the ninth sternite ; the lobes of the
plate bear long hairs.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, June, 1922, Black Mts.,
N. C. (Beutenmiiller, in Cornell University Collection) ;
other males and females from same locality as the type ;
one male and one female, May 21, 1911, Barton, Ga. (J. C.
Bradley).
Leuctra decepta Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs. 5, 6; plate 42, fig. 4.)
1923. Leuctra decepta Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:260.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 8.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 11 mm. ; female, 14 mm.
General color brown to blackish. Head wider than pro-
thorax, blackish ; occiput finely granulate ; hind ocelli be-
tween three and four diameters distant from eyes. Pro-
thorax brown, wider than long; front angles broadly
rounded, hind angles rather sharp; median longitudinal
field a little less than one-fourth the width of pronotum ;
lateral pronotal disc quite rugose. Legs brown, wings
dusky.
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite with a narrow ante-
rior chitinized collar medially produced into a short
rounded knob which is not raised or very slightly so ; ante-
rior margin of seventh tergite sometimes with a sugges-
tion of a smaller but similar chitinized area as eighth ; su-
pra-anal lobe broadly rounded ; cerci unmodified ; subanal
lobes quite slender and considerably longer than the titil-
lators ; ventral lobe a little longer than wide.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
broadly and deeply notched bilobed subgenital plate, bear-
ing long hairs and reaching nearly half way across the
ninth sternite.
There seems to be considerable variation in the extent
to which the chitinizations on the abdominal tergites of
the males have developed in this species.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, June 29, 1922, Ring-
wood Hollow, Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University Collec-
tion) ; two males, five females, same locality as types ; one
male June 7, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y.
* Leuctra duplicata Claassen.
(Plate 41, figs. 4, 5; plate 42, fig. 9.)
1923. Leuctra duplicata Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:260.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 8-8.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 12 mm. ; female, 14.5 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head wider than pro-
thorax, blackish, covered with pile ; occiput somewhat ru-
228 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
gose ; hind ocelli between two and three diameters distant
from eyes. Prothorax dark brown, wider than long; me-
dian longitudinal field about one-fourth the width of pro-
notum ; disc somewhat rugose. Legs blackish brown.
Wings blackish, infuscated.
Male. Seventh and eighth abdominal tergites each
with a narrow chitinous collar on the anterior margin,
each of these collars bearing two short triangular chiti-
nous processes; supra-anal lobe somewhat triangular;
cerci unmodified ; subanal lobes broad, angulately up-
curved ; titillators slender, as long as subanal lobes ; ven-
tral lobe longer than wide, bearing long hair.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
bilobed subgenital plate, notched in the middle, the lobes
rounded, and before the notch a rounded raised tubercle.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, June 25, 1922, Labra-
dor Lake, N. Y. (C. R. Crosby, in Cornell University Col-
lection) ; two males, five females, June 25, 1922, Labrador
Lake (C. R. Crosby) ; one male, one female, July 11, 1905,
Brookline, Mass. (C. W. Johnson) ; one male, June 12-22,
1901, Adrin Mts., Axton, N. Y. (A. D. MacGillivray and C.
0. Houghton) ; one male, June 8-10, 1915, Chipmunk
Swamp, Vandolia, N. Y. ; one male, June 11, 1909, Wool-
worth Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. ; two females, May 27, 1919,
Ringwood Hollow, Ithaca, N. Y. ; June 29, 1923, Adiron-
dack Lodge, N. Y.
Leuctra glabra Claassen.
(Plate 41, figs. 9-11.)
1923. Leuctra glabra Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:261.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6 mm. Expanse, male, 10.5
mm.
General color reddish brown. Head brown, wider than
prothorax, covered with rather long pile; hind ocelli at
least twice as close to eyes as to each other. Prothorax
not narrowed behind, wider than long; front angles very
broadly rounded, hind angles sharp; median longitudinal
field about one-fourth the width of pronotum ; disc of
pronotum slightly rugose. Legs brown. Wings rusty
fumose; two to three Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu cross-
veins.
Male. Tergites of abdomen unmodified except nine in
which the chitinized portion is reduced to a narrow trans-
verse band ; supra-anal lobe triangular ; cerci unmodified ;
subanal lobes modified into long slender upcurved proc-
eses ; titillators absent ; ninth sternite not much produced
posteriorly; ventral lobes absent.
Female. Unknown.
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 229
Holotype, male, Nov. 15, 1899, Tamalpais, Calif. (L. O.
Howard, in the U. S. National Museum).
Leuctra grandis Banks.
(Plate 40, figs. 11, 12; plate 42, fig. 7.)
1906. Leuctra grandis Banks, Can. Ent., 338.
1907. Leuctra grandis Banks, Cat., 15.
1908. Leuctra grandis Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:151.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9 mm. ; female, 11.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 17 mm. ; female, 22 mm.
General color reddish brown. Head wider than pro-
thorax; surface nearly smooth; occiput slightly rugose;
hind ocelli about two and one-half diameters distant from
eyes. Prothorax brown, somewhat widened behind ; little
wider than long; median longitudinal field at least one-
fifth the width of pronotum; disc of pronotum slightly
rugose. Legs brown. Wings reddish f umose ; 4-5 Cu
crossveins beyond the last M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Eighth tergite with a broad median chitinized
plate which is apically raised and triangularly bifurcate;
supra-anal lobe broadly triangular; subanal lobes long,
slender; titillators considerably shorter than subanal
lobes; cerci membranous, slender, about three times as
long as wide; ventral lobe about twice as long as wide,
very hairy-
Female. Subgenital plate produced over about half
of the ninth sternite, with a deep round median notch ; the
outer lobes of the subgenital plate dark.
Type, female, 11369, Black Mts., N. C, June (Banks
Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.) ; May to June, Black Mts., N. C.
Leuctra hamula Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs. 1, 2; plate 42, fig. 2.)
1923. Leuctra hamula Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:261.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7.5 mm. ; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 14 mm. ; female, 15 mm.
General color brown to dark brown. Head wider than
prothorax, dark brown or blackish ; hind ocelli about two
diameters distant from the eyes. Prothorax dark brown,
wider than long, narrowed behind; front angles rounded,
hind angles sharp; median longitudinal field about one-
fourth the width of pronotum ; disc of pronotum quite
rugose. Legs dark brown, wings lightly f umose.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite bearing a moderate
short, raised, spatulate process which does not extend to
230 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
the middle of the seventh tergite ; supra-anal lobe rounded
behind; cerci unmodified; subanal lobes quite broad; titil-
lators about as long as subanal lobes, at the tip sharply
recurved ; ventral lobe about as wide as long.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
bilobed, widely notched, subgenital plate which reaches
half across the ninth sternite ; the lobes are truncate and
bear long hairs ; median field of seventh and eighth ster-
nite blackish.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, July, 1905, Old Forge,
N. Y. (Cornell University) ; five males, two females, June
24, 1905, Old Forge, N. Y. ; one male, one female, June 23,
1910, Woolworth Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. ; one male Sacan-
daga Park, N. Y. (E. P. Felt) ; one male, one female, Aug.
16, Mt. Marcy, Eeene Valley, N. Y. ; one male, six females,
Aug. 1912, Mt. Katahdin, Me.
Leuctra infuscata Claassen.
(Plate 43, figs. 3-5.)
1923. Leuctra infuscata Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:262.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm.; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 11 mm.; female, 15 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax,
nearly smooth ; hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes
as to each other. Prothorax dark brown, narrowed be-
hind, wider than long, median longitudinal field between
one-third and one-fourth as wide as whole pronotum ;
disc of pronotum somewhat rugose, the rugosities black-
ish. Legs dark brown. Wings inf uscated ; Sc2 bends
down to R, not at a sharp angle, but more or less with a
gradual curve ; 2-3 Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Tergites of abdominal segments unmodified ; su-
pra-anal lobe produced into a short bulbous process which
is excavated above and on the lateral upper margins with
a narrow chitinous band closely beset with long hairs;
cerci membranous, very large, about four times as long
as wide ; subanal lobes produced into long swordlike proc-
esses, abruptly drawn to a slender rod before the tip and
bearing below near the tij. a recurved spine ; titillators
curved down and then up again, slender, heavily chiti-
nized ; ventral lobe very short, hairy, much wider than
long.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
subgenital plate, which is medially somewhat raised into
a hairy ridge, notched in middle, the notch produced by a
triangular heavily chitinized plate on each side.
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 231
Holotype, male, March, 15, 1898, Seattle, Wash. (Cornell
University).
Allotype, female, April 28, 1898, Seattle, Wash.
One female, April, 14, 1899, Seattle, Wash.; three fe-
males, June 6, 1920, Shasta Springs, Calif. (C. L. Fox) ;
one female, June 10, 1921, Yosemite Valley, Calif. (E. C.
VanDyke).
Leuctra occidentalis Banks.
(Plate 41, figs. 6-8; plate 42, fig. 12.)
1907. Leuctra occidentalis Banks, Can. Ent., 39:329-330.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5-8 mm. ; female, 7-8.5
mm. Expanse, male, 11-13.5 mm. ; female, 12-15 mm.
General color dark brown or black. Head wider than
prothorax, blackish ; occiput somewhat rugose ; covered
with fine pile; hind ocelli about three times as close to
eyes as to each other. Prothorax not narrowed behind,
hardly wider than long ; angles rounded ; median field not
over a sixth the width of pronotum ; disc of pronotum
quite rugose. Legs brown. Wings rusty fumose; one or
two Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Tergites of abdominal segments unmodified ex-
cept ten which is partly cleft and posteriorly produced
on each side into two short triangular processes; supra-
anal lobe normally recurved under the tenth tergite, but
when drawn out it is produced into a triangular process
with a long median upcurved prolongation ; cerci modified
into chitinous processes with a large terminal and a ven-
tral tooth and about half way between these teeth often
another small tooth; subanal lobes modified into a long
probe with the bases drawn back underneath the subgen-
ital plate where they unite into a long upcurved probe;
ninth sternite produced into a short, truncate subgenital
plate ; ventral lobe short, rounded, as wide as long.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a
broadly emarginate subgenital platy3, beset with long
hairs, and covering most of the ninth sternite which is
heavily chitinized.
Distribution. — Type, female, 11370, Laggan, Alberta,
July 23, 1901 (Banks Collection, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.) ; four males, four females,
Boulder, Colo. (G. S. Dodds) ; two females, Reno, Nev.,
1878 (Morrison) ; one male, Olympia, Wash., June 2, 1895;
one male, Palo Alto, Calif., March 26, 1895; one male,
Lake Tahoe, Calif. (H. C. Hubbard) ; one female, Olympia,
Wash., May 27, 1895; two females, Olympia, Wash., June
232 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
25, 1897; one female, Three Bros. Mts., Olympic Range,
Wash., Aug. 15, 1908 (J. C. Bradley).
Leuctra sibleyi Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs. 15, 1G; plate 42, fig. 11.)
1923. Leuctra sibleyi Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:262.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8.5-9.5 mm.; female,
9.5-11 mm. Expanse, male, 14.5-15.5 mm.; female, 16-20
mm.
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax; oc-
ciput somewhat rugose and mottled with darker brown;
hind ocelli between two and three diameters distant from
eyes. Prothorax wider than long, brown; angles broadly
rounded ; median longitudinal field at least one-fifth the
width of pronotum; disc of pronotum quite rugose, the
rugosities darker. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline to
brownish infuscated.
Male. Anterior margin of eighth tergite heavily chiti-
nized and bearing two, long, slender, widely separated
raised, chitinous processes which reach over the entire
eighth tergite ; supra-anal lobe rounded behind ; cerci un-
modified; subanal lobes quite long and slender; titillators
slender, nearly straight ; shorter than subanal lobes ; ven-
tral lobe at least twice as long as wide.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite somewhat pro-
duced into a bilobed hairy subgenital plate with a small
median notch.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, May 16, 1922, Moore's
Brook, Ithaca, N. Y. (C. K. Sibley, in Cornell University
Collection) , five males, ten females, May 16, 1922 ; three
males, one female, May 15, 1915, Taughanic, Ithaca, N. Y.
Leuctra tenuis Pictet.
(Plate 40, figs. 7, S; plate 42, fig. 5.)
1842. Nemoura tenuis Pictet, Ins. Neur., 375.
1861. Leuctra tenuis Hag., Syn. Neur. N. A., 37.
1892. Leuctra tenuis Banks, Cat. Neurop. p 343.
1904. Leuctra tenuis Banks, Proe. Ent. Soe. Wash., 6:206.
1907. Leuctra tenuis Banks, Cat., 15.
1901. Leuctra tenella Needham, Bull. X. Y. State Mus. 47:416.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5-7 mm. ; female, 8 mm.
Expanse, male, 11-12 mm.; female, 13 mm.
General color brown to blackish brown. Head wider
than prothorax, pilose ; hind ocelli between two and three
diameters distant from eyes. Prothorax quadrangular, a
little wider than long ; angles rounded ; median longitu-
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 233
dinal field about one-fourth the width of pronotum ; sides
of disc somewhat rugose. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline;
two or three Cu crossveins beyond M-Cu crossveins.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with an elongate
raised, chitinous process, truncate at the tip, and reach-
ing well over the eighth tergite, which is membranous
and without any chitinous processes ; supra-anal lobe
small, rounded ; cerci slender, unmodified, bearing long
hairs ; subanal lobes quite slender ; titillators slender, con-
siderably shorter than the subanal lobes; ventral lobe a
little longer than wide.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite somewhat pro-
duced into a truncate subgenital plate, broadly emarginate
in the middle, the truncate lobes bearing long hairs.
Distribution. — Two males, Ohio Pyle, Pa., Aug. 2, 1915;
one male, Wilmington, Essex Co., N. Y. ; two males, Sar-
anac Inn, N. Y., July 15, 1906; two males, three females,
West Falls, N. Y.
Leuctra triloba Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs 13, 14; plate 42, fig. 8.)
1923. Leuctra triloba Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:263.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5 mm. ; female, 8 mm.
Expanse, male, 11 mm. ; female, 14 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than pro-
thorax, brown ; hind ocelli between two and three diam-
eters distant from eyes. Prothorax brown, considerably
wider than long; front angles somewhat rounded, hind
angles sharp ; median longitudinal field at least one-fourth
the width of pronotum ; lateral discs somewhat rugose.
Legs brown. Wings uniformly reddish fumose.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a large, raised,
more or less trilobed, chitinous process which reaches well
onto the eighth unarmed tergite ; supra-anal lobe short,
rounded; cerci small, unmodified.; subanal lobes quite
broad and apically very finely spinulate; titillators, slen-
der and shorter than subanal lobes ; ninth sternite medi-
ally membranous and produced into a membranous lobe ;
ventral lobe about as broad as long.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite produced into a bi-
lobed, truncate, hairy subgenital plate which is rather
narrowly notched in the middle.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, Sept. 14, 1899, Mc-
Lean, N. Y. (Jensen, in Cornell University Collection) ;
paratypes : one male, Oct., McLean, N. Y. ; one male, Sept.
234 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
14, 1898, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Oct. 16, 1923, Montreat, N. L
(C. R. Crosby and S. C. Bishop).
Leuctra truncata Claassen.
(Plate 40, figs. 3, 4; plate 42, fig. 3.)
1923. Leuctra truncata Claassen, Can. Ent., 55:263.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 8.9 mm.
Expanse, male, 12.5 mm.; female, 15-17 mm.
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax, uni-
formly brown, occiput slightly rugose ; hind ocelli be-
tween two and three diameters distant from eyes. Pro-
thorax brown, a little wider than long, slightly narrowed
behind ; median longitudinal field about one-fourth the
width of entire pronotum ; sides of disc moderately rugose.
Legs brown, wings subhyaline.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite smooth ; eighth ter-
gite bearing near the anterior margin a short median,
truncate, chitinous projection, about as wide as long;
supra-anal lobe short, triangular; cerci unmodified; sub-
anal lobes quite slender; titillators considerably shorter
than subanal lobes; ventral lobe very little longer than
wide.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite slightly produced
into a broadly notched bilobed subgenital plate, the lobes
rounded and bearing long hairs.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, Aug. 9, 1905, Old
Forge, N. Y. (Cornell University Collection) ; also many
males and females from same locality as type.
Genus PERLOMYIA Banks.
1906. Ferlomyia Banks, Can. Ent., 38:338.
1907. Ferlomyia Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
1909. Ferlomyia Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:394.
Very closely allied to Leuctra. Small blackish forms
not over 15 mm. in length.
Head wider than prothorax, blackish, with three ocelli ;
hind ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; just back
of hind ocelli a transverse depression ; surface of head
covered with fine pile ; antennae brown or blackish ; max-
illary palpi large.
Prothorax distinctly longer than wide; front angles
and margin rounded ; surface only moderately rugose.
Legs brown or blackish ; middle tarsal segment short, first
and third tarsal segments subequal in the prothoracic
legs ; in meso- and metathoracic legs the first tarsal seg-
ment is longer than the third. Wings subhyaline or
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 235
lightly infuscated ; in both front and hind wings radial
sector and media arise from arculus ; venation as in figure
5, plate 32.
Abdomen brown ; cerci composed of single segments.
Male. Supra-anal plate short, upcurved ; subgenital
plate moderately long ; ventral lobe present.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite not prolonged into
a distinct subgenital plate.
Genotype, Perlomyia collaris Bks.
Perlomyia collaris Banks.
(Plate 43, fig. 6.)
1906. Perlomyia collaris Banks, Can. Ent., 38:338.
1907. Perlomyia collaris Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, 5 13 mm. Expanse, 22 mm.
General color black.
Head black, covered with white pile; a rather deep
transverse depressed area just behind the posterior ocelli ;
ocellar triangle wider than long ; hind ocelli about twice as
close to eyes as to each other. Antennae blackish brown.
Prothorax black, longer than wide ; surface lightly ru-
gose ; front and hind margins rounded ; sides somewhat
convex; front angles broadly rounded, entire pronotum
covered with white pile. Legs blackish, somewhat lighter
inside. Wings subhyaline with a reddish hue. Except
for the fact that Rs and M of forewing both arise from
the arculus the venation is like that of Leuctra. In the
hind wings of the type there are two or three cubital
crossveins.
Abdomen blackish with a lighter dorsal longitudinal
stripe ; ventral surface of abdomen brown.
Male. Unknown.
Female. Posterior margin of the eighth abdominal
sternite slightly emarginate in the middle and not pro-
duced into a subgenital plate (type rather badly shriv-
eled).
This species was described by Banks from a single $
from Wellington, B. C. (Taylor).
Type, female, 11367 (Banks Collection, Museum Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.) ; from Wellington,
B.C.
Perlomyia utahensis, new species.
(Plate 32, fig. 5; plate 43, figs. 1, 2.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 11 mm. Expanse, 19 mm.
General color dark brown.
Head blackish, little wider than prothorax, covered
23G THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
with white pile; a transverse depressed area just back
of hind ocelli; the hind ocelli about three times as close
to the eyes as to each other ; antennae brown ; maxillary
palpi very large.
Prothorax blackish brown, distinctly longer than wide ;
slightly narrowed behind ; front margin rounded ; sides
straight, surface rugose, the rugosity black. Legs brown.
Middle tarsal segment short ; first tarsal segment of meso
and metathoracic segments longer than third. Wings uni-
formly subhyaline, with a reddish or rusty tinge; veins
brown.
Abdomen brown.
Male. Cerci chitinized with a small black spur at the
tip and a large black tooth at the base pointing upward ;
supra-anal plate bifid at the base and ending in a sharply
pointed upturned process with a knob on the lower hind
margin ; subanal lobes modified into enlarged membra-
nous processes which bear above at the base a short chiti-
nized tooth ; subgenital plate reaching about to the tip
of the cerci ; ventral lobe broadly rounded, about twice
as long as wide.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype, male, Logan, Utah (A. 0. Larsen, in Cornell
University Collection) . In general this species is very
similar to P. collaris Bks. and may prove to be the same.
Until bred specimens are available it may better be con-
sidered as a distinct form.
Genus TAENIOPTERYX Pictet.
1842. Taeniopteryx Pictet, Ins. Neur., p. 345.
1861. Taeniopteryx Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 34.
1894. Taeniopteryx Morton, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, p. 559.
1902. Taeniopteryx Klapalek, Termes. Fuzetek, 25:178.
1907. Taeniopteryx Banks. Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 14.
1909. Taeniopteryx Klapalek, Suesswasserf. Deutschl., 8:57.
Dark brown or blackish species, mostly under 15 mm.
in length with very long antennae ; tarsal segments sub-
equal ; cerci very short.
Head not much wider than prothorax; a depressed
area between the hind ocelli ; lateral tubercles large,
flat, polished ; occiput usually with broken longitudinal
dark lines ; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as
to each other. Antennae composed of about fifty or more
segments.
Prothorax wider than long, usually widened behind ;
sides mostly convex ; surface slightly to moderately ru-
gose. Legs dark ; tarsal segments subequal. Wings hya-
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA
237
line to inf uscated ; radial sector with two or three
branches ; f orewing with 5-12 cubital crossveins, and with
the second anal vein forked ; anal field of hind wings large.
Abdomen cylindric, dark brown
or blackish ; cerci in males with one
to six segments, in females with
five or six segments.
Male. Supra-anal lobe short, up-
turned in the form of a probe ; sub-
anal lobes mostly modified into ac-
cessory copulatory organs ; ninth
abdominal sternite usually pro-
longed into a subgenital plate
which often bears at the base a
small ventral appendage.
Female. Eighth abdominal ster-
nite unmodified ; genital opening
mostly near the middle of the
eighth sternite; ninth sternite
slightly produced in some species
while in others it is prolonged
greatly into a ventral plate which
reaches to the tip of the abdomen
or even beyond.
Genotype, Taeniopteryx trifasciata
Pict. (European).
Fig. 27. Taenio'pteryx
nivalis Fitch.
Key to the Species of Taeniopteryx.
Males.
1. Two ocelli, wings spotted, subgenital plate keel-
shaped (subgenus Doddsia subg. no v.)
occidentalis
Three ocelli, wings clear or infuscated but not
banded; subgenital plate flattened or rounded
below 2
2. Cerci composed of a single segment; subgenital
plate moderately long; supra-anal lobe short,
bluntly pointed, sub-anal lobes symmetrical, no
costal crossvein immediately beyond the cord
(subgenus Nephelopteryx Klap.) 3
Cerci composed of four to six segments ; subgen-
ital plate greatly prolonged ; supra-anal lobe va-
riously modified;. subanal lobes asymmetrical; a
slanting costal crossvein just beyond the cord _ 5
238 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
3. Subgenital plate without a ventral appendage
parvuia
Subgenital plate with a ventral appendage 4
4. Hind femora armed with a strong tooth maura
Hind femora unarmed nivalis
5. Hind margin of subgenital plate with a flattened
narrow prolongation turned up at a right
angle; ninth abdominal tergite bears two rear-
ward pointing lobes (subgenus Rhabdiopteryx
Klap.) fasciata
Hind margin of subgenital plate rounded or trun-
cate, without lobes or appendages (though sim-
ilar lobes are often present on the tenth tergite) 6
6. No crossveins beyond the end of subcosta; sub-
genital plate with a ventral appendage
contorta
A slanting crossvein just beyond the tip of sub-
costa; subgenital plate without a ventral ap-
pendage (subgenus Taenionema Bks.) 7
7. Tenth abdominal tergite without two raised, rear-
ward pointing appendages; lobes at base of
cerci in the form of sharp spine-like processes
directed backward 8
Tenth abdominal tergite with two raised rear-
ward pointing appendages; lobes at base of
cerci not sharply pointed 9
8. Wings usually heavily infuscated, yellowish at
the base ; supra-anal lobe gradually tapering to
a point, length, 9-10 mm nigripennis
Wings lightly infuscated, with a clear band across
the wing between the cord and tip; supra-anal
lobe enlarged towards the tip where it is
broadly rounded ; lobes at base of cerci very
slender, length, 12 mm. grinnelli
9. Supra-anal lobe, viewed from above, deeply emar-
ginate behind oregonensis
Supra-anal lobe viewed from above not emargi-
nate behind 10
10. Supra-anal process broadly bifurcate (side view)
with a short tooth near the base of the bifurca-
tion; lobes at base of cerci finely granulate
calif orn ica
Supra-anal process not bifurcate at tip; lobes at
base of cerci very coarsely granulate pacifica
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 239
Females.
1. Hind margin of ninth abdominal sternite pro-
duced into narrow or broad yellow plate-like
appendage 2
Hind margin of ninth abdominal sternite little,
if at all, produced — never in the form of a plate-
like appendage
T. (Nephelopteryx) maura, parvula, nivalis
2. Ninth abdominal sternite with a narrow, triangu-
lar tongue-like appendage
T. (Rhabdiopteryx) fasciata
Ninth abdominal sternite with a broadly rounded
plate-like appendage 3
3. Wings spotted, hind margin of eighth abdominal
sternite partly cleft T. (Doddsia) occidentalis
Wings not spotted, hind margin of eighth abdom-
inal sternite straight T. (Taenionema) pacifica,
nigripcnnis, pallida, banksci, californica
Taeniopteryx maura Pictet.
(Plate 33, fig. 4; plate 44, figs. 5, 6; plate 46, fig. 7.)
1842. Nemoura maura Pictet, Ins. Neur., p. 381.
1861. Taeniopteryx maura Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 35.
1892. Taeniopteryx maura Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1904. Taeniopteryx maura Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Taeniopteryx maura Banks, Cat. Neur., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 8-10 mm. ; female, 11-12
mm. Expanse, male, 14-17 mm. ; female, 20-22 mm.
General color brown to blackish.
Head slightly wider than prothorax, brown ; a depressed
area between the hind ocelli ; occiput quite rugulose ; hind
ocelli only about two diameters distant from the eyes;
antennae brown, composed of about 58-60 segments.
Prothorax brown, lighter on the lateral margins, and
often a light median longitudinal line so that the prono-
tum appears light brown with two longitudinal dark lines ;
wider than long, a little widened behind ; angles narrowly
rounded; surface quite smooth. Legs brown; the hind
femora of the male with a stout downward pointing tooth
on the underside near the middle ; wings hyaline, or
slightly inf uscated ; subcosta has a tendency to run into
costa near the tip before it turns down to radius ; sub-
costa does not reach to the cord ; ordinarily no costal
crossveins either before or beyond the tip of Sc ; usually
not more than 7 or 8 cubital crossveins in the forewing.
Abdomen brown, often a median light longitudinal line,
240 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
more or less interrupted. Cerci of male composed of one
segment, in the female of six or seven segments.
Male. Very similar to T. nivalis Fitch. Supra-anal
process short, upturned, largely membranous, finely
roughened or spinulose at tip ; at least twice as wide at
base as near the tip; subanal lobes large, triangular, un-
evenly chitinized ; cerci composed of a single globose seg-
ment, more heavily chitinized above, hairy and at the tip
somewhat emarginate ; ninth abdominal sternite produced
into an evenly rounded subgenital plate which bears near
the center a ventral lobe or appendage.
Female. Genital opening near the middle of the eighth
abdominal sternite, not covered by a subgenital plate ; hind
margin of ninth sternite somewhat produced and evenly
rounded.
Distribution. — Washington, D. C, March 2, March 5,
March 11-12 (H. S. Barber) ; Plummers Is., Md., Feb. 22,
1922 (H. S. Barber) ; Plummers Is., Md., Feb. 24, 1903
(R. P. Currie) ; Rosslyn, Va., March 23, 1902 (H. S. Bar-
ber) ; Gloversville, N. Y., March 28, 1907 (C. P. Alex-
ander) ; Harmony, Col. Co., Nova Scotia, March 20, 1924
(W. H. Brittain).
Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch.
(Plate 33, fig. 1; plate 44, figs. 3, 4; plate 46, fig. 8.)
1847. Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch, Emmons Jour. Agr. Sci., 5:274.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11-14 mm. ; female, 13-17
mm. Expanse, male, 17-23 mm. ; female, 22-28 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish.
Head about as wide as prothorax, hairy ; tubercles at
base of antennae dark brown and somewhat triangular in
shape; a dark brown or black area in front of anterior
ocellus ; occiput quite rugose ; hind ocelli only about three
diameters distant from the eyes; antennae brown, com-
posed of about fifty-five segments.
Prothorax brown to black, the margins lighter, partic-
ularly the front margin ; wider than long, widened behind ;
angles more or less rounded ; surface nearly smooth ; a few
rounded raised marks near the front angles often visible ;
a short, narrow, transverse, depression in the center of
the pronotum (more often broken by the median longi-
tudinal line). Legs brown to blackish. Wings hyaline
to infuscated, in the specimens with infuscated wings, two
faint transverse lighter bands are sometimes visible in
the fore wing, one band before the cord and the second
beyond the cord ; subcosta gradually bends upward until
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 241
it nearly touches costa at the cord where it bends down to
meet radius ; no costal crossveins except the short one at
end of subcosta and sometimes a faint crossvein in the
costal field near the tip of wings ; Rs forks considerably
beyond the cord; usually about ten cubital crossveins in
forewing.
Abdomen brown. Cerci of male composed of a single
segment, of female about eight to ten segments.
Male. Supra-anal process short, erect or slightly re-
curved, membranous and finely spinulose at the tip, nearly
twice as wide at base as at tip; subanal lobes triangular,
little modified except that they are unevenly chitinized;
cerci composed of a single globose segment more heavily
chitinized above, and at the tip usually somewhat emar-
ginate; ninth abdominal sternite produced into a sub-
genital plate, which reaches to the tip of the abdomen
and bears near the center a short ventral lobe.
Female. Genital opening near the hind margin of the
eighth abdominal sternite, the opening not covered by a
subgenital plate ; hind margin of ninth abdominal sternite
somewhat produced and evenly rounded.
Distribution. — Feb. 10-March 24, Ithaca, N. Y.; March
19, 1913, Honeoye Falls, N. Y. (C. R. Crosby) ; March 21,
Adams Center, N. Y. (P. W. Claassen) ; March 14 and
April 10, Albany, N. Y. ; March 26, Pike, N. Y. ; April 29,
Binghamton, N. Y. ; March 9, March 16, March 23, March
29, April 8, Harrisburg, Pa. ; March 22, 1889, Philadelphia,
Pa. ; April 4, Athens, Pa. ; March 2, Camphill, Pa. ; Feb. 1,
1919, Washington, D. C. (C. D. Duncan) ; March 5, Wash-
ington, D. C. (H. S. Barber) ; Feb. 24, 1903, Plummers Id.,
Md. (W. V. Warner) ; Feb. 19, Feb. 22, Plummers Id., Md.
(H. S. Barber) ; March 15, 1905, Raleigh, N. C. (C. S.
Brimley) ; 1877, Morgantown, N. C. (Morrison) ; Waldo-
boro, Me. (J. H. Lovett) ; Orono, Me. ; Westbrook, Me. (0.
0. Stover) ; Durham, N. H. (W. & F.) ; Wellesley, Mass.
(A. P. Morse) ; Springfield, Mass. (L. Stebbins) ; April 6,
April 22, Winchendon, Mass. (F. W. Russell) ; New Lenox,
111., No. 6221 ; Feb. 12, 1906, near Embarrass R., Coles Co.,
111.
Taeniopteryx parvula Banks.
(Plate 44, figs. 1, 2; plate 46, fig. 9.)
1918. Taeniopteryx parvula Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62:7.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-12 mm. ; female, 10-14
mm. Expanse, male, 15-21 mm. ; female, 18-24 mm.
General color brown to blackish.
Head brown to blackish, a little wider than prothorax;
242 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
a depressed area between the hind ocelli ; occiput quite
rugose ; hind ocelli only about two diameters distant from
the eyes ; antennae brown, composed of about fifty to fifty-
five segments.
Prothorax brown to blackish ; wider than long ; some-
what widened behind ; angles rounded ; surface nearly
smooth; legs brown. Wings hyaline; subcosta approaches
costal before it bends down to radius before the cord ; no
costal crossveins except the one at the end of subcosta
(when Sc does not actually touch C) and rarely near the
tip of the wing ; radial sector forks a considerable distance
beyond the cord; about eight or nine cubital crossveins
in the forewing.
Abdomen brown. Cerci of male composed of a single
globose segment, in female of six to eight segments.
Male. Supra-anal process short, upturned, largely
membranous, at least twice as wide at base as near tip;
subanal lobes large, triangular, partly membranous and
on the posterior margin with a recurved tip; cerci com-
posed of a single, large, subglobose segment ; ninth abdom-
inal sternite produced into an evenly rounded subgenital
plate which does not bear a ventral appendage or lobe.
Female. Genital opening near the middle of the eighth
abdominal sternite, not covered by a subgenital plate;
hind margin of ninth abdominal sternite produced and
evenly rounded.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, and para-
types, four males, Feb. 24, 1903, Plummers Id., Md. (Cur-
rie, Warner and Barber, in U. S. National Museum) ; four
males, March 1, 1902, Washington, D. C. (H. S. Barber) ;
one male, March 11, 1902, Washington, D. C. (H. S. Bar-
ber) ; four males, March 12, 1902, Washington, D. C. (W.
V. Warner and H. S. Barber) ; one male, one female, March
2, 1902, Washington, D. C. (H. S. Barber) ; one male,
March 12, Orono, Me.; one male, March 12, 1894, Black
R. Falls, Wis. ; one male, April 8, Hennepin Co., Minn. ;
one male, one female, April 20, Taunton, Mass. ; one male,
Riverton, N. J.
Taeniopteryx contorta new species.
(Plate 45, figs. 5, G.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 11 mm. Expanse, male,
18.5 mm.
General color dark brown or blackish. Head a little
narrower than prothorax ; uniformly brown, not rugulose ;
lateral tubercles large and considerably raised ; a de-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 243
pressed area between the hind ocelli; hind ocelli about
three times as close to eyes as to each other; antennae
brown, composed of about fifty-five segments.
Prothorax brown, broader than long, slightly widened
posteriorly; angles rounded; surface somewhat rugose.
Legs brown. Wings subhyaline; subcosta gradually ap-
proaches costa until it bends down rather abruptly some
little distance before the cord; no costal crossveins, ex-
cept one at the tip of subcosta when Sc does not actually
touch costa ; no crossvein beyond the cord.
Abdomen brown. Cerci of male composed of four short
segments.
Male. Supra-anal process consists of two short erect
rounded processes one behind the other and each bilobed
at the tip; subanal lobes asymmetrical and quite compli-
cated, each lobe has a triangular inward pointing chiti-
nized sheath above, and underneath these processes are
seen the lower portions of the lobes as shown in plate 45,
figures 5 and 6; a large raised granular process or lobe
at the base of each cercus; ninth abdominal sternite
greatly prolonged into a subgenital plate which reaches
far beyond the tip of segment ten ; near the base of the
subgenital plate is a broadly rounded ventral appendage
or lobe.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, March 18, Jaffrey, N. H. (C. W. John-
son, Cornell University Collection).
Taeniopteryx fasciata Burmeister.
(Plate 33, fig. 2; plate 45, figs. 3, 4; plate 46, fig. 2.)
1839. Semblis fasciata Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 2:875.
1842. Nemoura fasciata Pictet, Ins. Neurop., 359.
1852. Nemoura fasciata Walker, Cat., p. 179.
1861. Taeniopteryx fasciata Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 34.
1892. Taeniopteryx fasciata Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1904. Taeniopteryx fasciata Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Shabdiopteryx fasciata Banks, Cat. Neurop. Ins., p. 14.
1861. Taeniopteryx frigida Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. A., p. 35.
1892. Taeniopteryx frigida Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1904. Taeniopteryx frigida Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Taeniopteryx frigida Banks, Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 14.
1908. Taeniopteryx frigida Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:150.
Length to tip of wings, male, 10-12 mm. ; female, 14-15
mm. Expanse, male, 18-22 mm.; female, 26-27 mm.
General color blackish.
Head dark brown to blackish with yellow inside the
eyes; a depressed area between the hind ocelli; large
black flat areas just in front of anterior ocelli; occiput
244 THOMAS SAY FOUXDATIOX
with longitudinal slight rugosities ; hind ocelli three to
four times as close to eyes as to each other. Antennae
dark brown to blackish.
Prothorax as wide or little wider than head ; wider than
long; widened posteriorly, angles sharp or narrowly
rounded ; surface slightly rugose ; margins usually brown
or yellowish, rest of prothorax dark brown. Legs brown ;
femora darker above ; tibia darker at both ends ; tarsi
dark. Wings subhyaline ; an inf uscated transverse area
across the cord and another at the tip of the forewings;
the pterostigma also is inf uscated ; Sc does not reach quite
to the cord ; one or two costal crossveins near the tip of
subcosta and one beyond ; Cul with only one or two ac-
cessory branches.
Abdomen dark brown; cerci yellowish, short, composed
of five or six short segments.
Male. Hind margin of ninth abdominal tergite with
two rearward pointing, rounded hairy knobs or lobes;
supra-anal process very short (hardly longer than the
knobs at the base of the cerci) heavily chitinized, up-
turned and ending in a gradually tapering blunt point,
the hind margin of the supra-anal process bears a mem-
branous, bulbose enlargement ; subanal lobes asymmetri-
cal, largely membranous (see plate 45, figure 3a) ; ninth
abdominal sternite greatly prolonged into a subgenital
plate which reaches beyond the tip of the abdomen and
medially narrows to a chitinous upturned process; ninth
sternite without a ventral appendage ; at the base of each
cercus occurs a rounded, bulbous knob.
Female. Genital opening of eighth abdominal sternite
not covered by a subgenital plate ; ninth sternite with a
median, yellow, triangular process which reaches nearly
to the tip of the subanal lobes.
Distribution.— March 21, 1905, Raleigh, N. C. (C. S.
Brimley) ; April 2, 1921, Melville, W. Va. (J. C. Bradley) ;
1877, Morgantown, N. C. (Morrison) ; March 23, 1902,
Rosslyn, Va. (H. S. Barber) ; April 5, 1901, Nashville,
Tenn. (E. B. Williamson) ; March 4-April 4, Washington,
D. C. (Warner & Barber) ; Feb. 19-April 18, Plummers
Is., Md. (Currie, Warner, Barber, Bradley) ; March 5-
April 14, Harrisburg, Pa.; W. Springfield, Mass. (George
Dimmock) ; March 30, 1889, Forest Hill, Mass. (S. Hen-
shaw) ; March 21-April 10, Ithaca, N. Y. ; April 5, 1902,
Karner, N. Y. ; April 22, 1902, E. Greenburgh, N. Y. ; April
11, 1901, Hamburg, N. Y. (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Mo. (C. V.
Riley) ; March 20-April 5, Riley Co., Kans. (F. Marlatt) ;
April 18, 1922, Minneapolis, Minn. (William E. Hoffman).
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 245
Taeniopteryx nigripennis Banks.
(Plate 45, figs. 7, 8; plate 46, fig. 4.)
1918. Taeniopteryx (Bhdbdiopteryx) nigripennis Banks, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 62, No. 1, p. 8.
Length to tip of wings, male, 9-10 mm. ; female, 11-12
mm. Expanse, male, 16-19 mm. ; female, 19-21 mm.
General color blackish with infuscated wings. Head
not wider than prothorax, blackish with brown inside
the eyes, in the depressed area between the hind ocelli
and in front of anterior ocellus ; occiput somewhat rugose ;
hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each other.
Antennae blackish.
Prothorax dark brown to black, with the margins
lighter in some of the specimens ; wider than long ; some-
what widened behind ; angles rounded ; surface somewhat
rugose. Legs dark brown to black. Wings lightly to
heavily infuscated. In the infuscated wings the base of
the wings is yellow, the yellow color extending from the
costal margin to cubitus and forward to the fork of Cul
and Cu2 ; subcosta does not reach to the cord ; one or two
costal crossveins before the end of subcosta and one be-
yond the cord.
Abdomen dark brown, the ninth sternite of male yellow.
Cerci composed of six segments.
Male. Supra-anal process short, erect, tapering to a
blunt point; subanal lobes asymmetrical, divided into
several membranous processes ; at the base of each cercus
a chitinous, raised, pointed process, curved at the tip and
membranous on the underside ; ninth abdominal sternite
prolonged into a truncate subgenital plate which reaches
beyond the tip of segment ten and bears long hair on the
hind margin; no ventral appendage or lobe on the sub-
genital plate.
Female. Genital opening not guarded by valves or cov-
ered by a subgenital plate ; ninth abdominal sternite pro-
longed into a broad, rounded plate which reaches nearly
to the tip of the abdomen.
Type, No. 10051, Wenatchee, Wash., May 21, 1915
(Newcomer, in Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
Mass.) ; one male, one female, May 2, 1909, Parley Canyon,
Utah (E. G. Titus) ; two males, five females, Boulder,
Colo. (G. S. Dodds).
246 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Taeniopteryx pacifica Banks.
(Plate 33, fig. 5; plate 45, figs. 11, 12; plate 46, fig. 3.)
1900. Taeniopteryx pacifica Banks, Trail. Am. Ent. Soc, 26:244.
1907. Taeniopteryx pacifica Banks, Can. Ent., 39:329.
1907. Taeniopteryx pacifica Banks, Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 14.
1918. Taeniopteryx pacifica Newcomer, Jour. Agr. B^s., Vol. 13, No.
1, 37-41.
1905. Taenionema analis Banks, Psyche, 12:57.
1907. Taenionema analis Banks, Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, male, 12-13 mm. ; female, 14-15
mm. Expanse, male, 22-25 mm. ; female, 25-28 mm.
General color brown to blackish with yellowish or red-
dish brown on head, thorax and tip of abdomen, especially
in the male.
Head a little narrower than prothorax; brown with
lighter areas inside the eyes, in front of anterior ocellus,
and often yellowish in the depressed area between the
hind ocelli; lateral tubercles large; occiput rugulose, the
rugosities in the form of wide, broken longitudinal lines ;
hind ocelli a little more than twice as close to the eyes
as to each other. Antennae brown.
Prothorax brown, with the margins yellowish and
usually with some yellowish marks on the disc of the pro-
notum ; wider than long, widened behind ; sides somewhat
convex; angles rounded; surface quite rugose. Legs
brown. Wings hyaline, with a faint cloud or infuscated
area along the cord ; subcosta does not quite reach to the
cord ; three or four costal crossveins before the end of
subcosta and one beyond.
Abdomen dark brown to blackish except in the male,
where the ninth sternite is yellow. Cerci composed of
six short segments.
Male. Supra-anal process short, erect with the tip di-
rected backward and bearing behind a membranous, .bulb-
like attachment ; subanal lobes asymmetrical, divided into
several membranous processes ; at the base of each cercus
a large raised turberculate rounded process directed back-
wards; tenth abdominal tergite bears two short, rounded
processes directed backwards ; subgenital plate extends
considerably beyond the tip of the tenth .segment, and
there is no ventral appendage.
Female. Genital opening of the eighth abdominal ster-
nite not guarded by valves or covered by a subgenital
plate; ninth abdominal sternite prolonged into a broad
rounded plate which does not reach to the tip of the sub-
anal lobes.
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 24-7
Type, No. 11304, male, Pullman, Wash. (Banks Coll.,
Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; eight females, one
male, April, Wenatchee, Wash.; one male, March 31, Ft.
Collins, Colo.; four males, one female, March 30-April 4,
Boulder, Colo. ; April 3-7, 1897, Pullman, Wash. ; June 17,
1901, Banff, Alberta.
Taeniopteryx californica, new species.
(Plate 45, figs. 9, 10; plate 46, fig. 5.)
Length to tip of wings, female, 11 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 17.5 mm.
General color brown to blackish.
Head brown, a little wider than prothorax; occiput
rugose, the rugosities and lateral tubercles darker brown ;
a depressed area between the hind ocelli ; hind ocelli at
least three times as close to the eyes as to each other;
antennae brown, composed of about fifty segments.
Prothorax brown, wider than long ; slightly widened be-
hind; angles almost square; surface quite rugose. Legs
brown. Wings hyaline. Subcosta reaches the cord in the
hind wing; three costal crossveins before the end of sub-
costa and one beyond.
Abdomen brown. Cerci composed of six segments in
the male and five in the female.
Male. Supra-anal process short, erect, bifurcate with
the points of the two processes directed backward and
with a small knob at base of the bifurcation ; subanal
lobes asymmetrical, largely membranous ; a large raised
granular knob or process at the base of each cercus ; tenth
abdominal tergite with two rearward pointing, rounded*
chitinous lobes; ninth abdominal sternite greatly pro-
longed into a subgenital plate which reaches beyond the
tip of segment ten ; the subgenital plate does not bear
a ventral lobe or appendage.
Female. Genital opening not guarded by valves or
covered by a subgenital plate; ninth abdominal sternite
greatly prolonged into a broadly rounded subgenital plate
which reaches beyond the tips of the cerci.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, Feb. 1892, Palo Alto,
Calif. (Cornell University Collection) ; paratype, one fe-
male, March, 1892, Palo Alto, Calif.
2-18 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Taeniopteryx grinnelli Banks.
(Plate 46, fig. 6.)
1918. Taeniopteryx grinnelli Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62:8.
Length to tip of wings, male, 12 mm. Expanse, male,
20 mm.
General color black with lightly infuscated wings.
Head blackish, not quite as wide as prothorax; a de-
pressed area between the hind ocelli ; hind ocelli more than
twice as close to the eyes as to each other ; antennae black-
ish.
Prothorax blackish brown with about fifteen to eighteen
shiny flat tubercles ; wider than long ; sides convex ; angles
rounded. Legs brown, darker above ; tarsi blackish.
Wings lightly infuscated, especially at the tip and at the
cord so as to leave a clear band between the cord and the
tip ; base of wing subhyaline ; subcosta reaches to the
cord ; two or three costal crossveins before the end of sub-
costa and one beyond.
Abdomen blackish with a yellow tip ; cerci of male com-
posed of about six segments.
Male. Supra-anal lobe short, erect, enlarged toward
the tip where it is broadly rounded ; at the base of each
cercus a slender curved or sigmoid pointed process di-
rected backwards; subanal lobes asymmetrical (much
shriveled up in dried specimen) ; ninth abdominal sternite
much prolonged into a subgenital plate which reaches far
past the tip of the abdomen and is closely beset with long
hairs ; subgenital plate without a ventral appendage.
Female, unknown. The female cotype of Banks appar-
ently does not belong here. It is paler in color, the wings
are entirely clear, the markings on head and prothorax
are different and it measures only 11 mm in length.
Type, male, No. 10050, April 10, 1905, Millard Canyon,
Los Angeles, Pasadena, Calif. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
Taeniopteryx oregonensis, new species.
(Plate 44, figs. 7, 8.)
Length to tip of wings, male, 12-13 mm. Expanse,
male, 20-22 mm.
General color black with lightly infuscated wings.
Head about as wide as prothorax, blackish with yellow-
ish inside the eyes and sometimes within the depressed
area between the hind ocelli; occiput somewhat rugose;
hind ocelli more than twice as close to eyes as to each
other ; antennae black, with about fifty segments.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 249
Prothorax black with the lateral margins sometimes
a little yellowish ; wider than long ; widened behind ; sides
somewhat convex ; angles rounded ; surface somewhat
rugose. Legs dark brown, the femora darker above and
the tarsi blackish. Wings lightly inf uscated ; subcosta
reaches almost to the cord ; two or three costal crossveins
before the end of the subcosta and one beyond.
Abdomen black, yellow at the tip. Cerci of male yellow,
with six segments.
Male. Supra-anal lobe short, erect, directed backward
at the tip and there emarginate so as to form two rear-
ward pointing processes ; subanal lobes modified into asym-
metrical complex membranous processes; at the base of
each cercus a slender, bluntly pointed, tuberculate proc-
ess ; tenth abdominal tergite with two rearward pointing,
broadly truncate lobes, similar to T. pacifica ; ninth ab-
dominal sternite greatly prolonged into a subgenital plate
which surpasses far the tip of the abdomen ; subgenital
plate without a ventral appendage.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, and two male paratypes, Feb. 21, 1912,
Corvallis, Ore. (H. F. Wilson, Cornell University Collec-
tion) .
Taeniopteryx banksii, new name.
(Plate 46, fig. 10.)
1918. Taeniopteryx pallida Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, No. 1,
p. 9 (preoc).
Length to tip of wings, female, 12 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 20 mm.
General color dark brown or slightly reddish.
Head dark brown with a black spot over the ocellar
triangle, and with black longitudinal broken lines on the
occiput ; lateral tubercles flat, dark to blackish ; a de-
pressed area between the hind ocelli; hind ocelli about
three times as close to eyes as to each other; antennae
dark brown or blackish.
Prothorax a little narrower than head ; wider than long ;
somewhat widened posteriorly ; sides convex ; angles
rounded ; blackish and usually with lighter margins ; sur-
face somewhat rugose. Legs reddish brown, tarsi darker.
Wings uniformly hyaline ; subcosta does not quite reach
the cord; two or three costal crossveins before the end
of subcosta and one beyond.
Abdomen blackish with a yellow tip. Cerci yellowish
with about six segments.
Male, unknown.
2.50 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Female. Genital opening not guarded by valves or
covered by a subgenital plate ; ninth abdominal sternite
produced into a wide evenly rounded plate.
Type, female, No. 10052, May 31, 1915, Wenatchee,
Wash. (Newcomer, in Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Mass.).
This is in all probability indentical with T. pacifica
Banks.
Taeniopteryx pallida Banks.
(Plate 46, fig. 11.)
1902. Nemoura pallida Banks, Can. Ent., 34:125.
1907. Nemoura pallida Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 14.
Length to tip of wings, female, 12 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 21 mm.
General color rusty brown, including the wings which
are infuscated with a reddish brown.
Head reddish brown, not wider than prothorax ; a de-
pressed area between the hind ocelli ; occiput with fine
longitudinal broken lines ; hind ocelli about twice as close
to eyes as to each other ; antennae dark brown.
Prothorax reddish brown; wider than long; widened
behind; angles rounded; sides convex; surface very
slightly rugose. Legs brown. Wings uniformly reddish ;
veins reddish brown ; subcosta does not reach the cord ;
about three costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
and one beyond.
Abdomen dark brown. Cerci composed of five seg-
ments.
Male, unknown.
Female. Genital opening of eighth abdominal ster-
nite not guarded by valves or covered by a subgenital
plate ; ninth sternite produced into a wide evenly rounded
plate.
Type, female, No. 11362, July 18, 1898, Little Beaver,
Colo. (Banks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.).
Taeniopteryx occidentalis Banks.
(Plate 33, fig. 3; plate 45, figs. 1, 2; plate 46, fig. 1.)
1900. Taeniopteryx occidentalis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:244.
Length to tip of wings, male, 11 mm.; female, 12-15
mm. Expanse, male, 18 mm. ; female, 20-25 mm.
General color blackish with spotted wings.
Head about as wide as prothorax; black with brown
beside the eyes, on the clypeus, and from each side of the
ocellar triangle a narrow brown mark towards the base
of the antennae ; a depressed area between the hind ocelli
and in this depression usually a small brownish spot;
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 251
lateral tubercles large, flat, polished ; occiput not rugulose ;
surface covered with yellowish pile; with only two ocelli,
(in the single male specimen the anterior ocellus is faintly
indicated by a mere dot under the chitin, but in the
eighteen females there is no indication of an anterior
ocellus), ocelli at least twice as close to eyes as to each
other ; antennae dark brown with about fifty segments.
Prothorax black, with a yellow or reddish front margin
and often a little yellowish at the sides and behind; a
little wider than long ; not widened behind ; the sides
somewhat convex; angles rounded; surface finely ru-
gulose. Legs yellowish brown with variegated dark mark-
ings. Wings spotted with fuscous as in the figure ; veins
heavy, dark brown.
Abdomen dark brown, yellow at the tip (ventral view) .
Cerci composed of four segments in the male and five in
the female.
Male. Supra-anal process short, erect, enlarged toward
the tip where the process is broadly bilobed or bifurcate ;
anteriorly the supra-anal process bears a bilobed tubercle,
posterior to the supra-anal process is a large, spinulose,
bulbose membrane ; subanal lobes greatly modified into
asymmetrical processes; just back of each cercus occurs
a black, chitinous, inward curved process, below these
processes the asymmetrical membranous parts of the sub-
anal lobe and below these two upcurved pointed chitinous
processes closely beset with long hairs; at the base of
each cercus a raised membranous, granulate lobe ; tenth
abdominal tergite with two raised chitinous, rearward
pointing processes gradually enlarging and at the tip
broadly truncate so as to produce a pointed process on
each side ; ninth abdominal sternite greatly prolonged
into a keel-shaped process, pointed at the lower extremity
and with the tip turned up at right angles ; ninth sternite
at the base with a thickened area in the form of a ventral
lobe, but this is only a heavier chitinization and not an
appendage.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
partially cleft at the genital opening; ninth abdominal
sternite produced into a wide, rounded yellow plate which
extends beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Type, No. 11303, female, Mt. Rainier, Wash. (Banks
Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.) ; one male,
fifteen females, July 16-29, Paradise Valley, Mt. Rainier,
Wash. (E. C. VanDyke) ; three females, Boulder, Colo.
(G. S. Dodds) ; one female, June 30, Kaslo Cr., B. C. (R.
P. Currie).
252 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Family CAPXIIDAE.
Small blackish stoneflies, mostly less than 12 mm.
in length. Radius and media of forewing fused for a
considerable distance at the base and separating from
each other at a rather wide angle ; cerci composed of a
number of segments; middle segment of tarsus very
short.
Head as wide or wider than prothorax ; lateral tubercles
and frontal ridge indistinct ; surface almost uniformly
dark brown or blackish ; three small ocelli, the hind ocelli
closer to the eyes than to each other. Antennae long,
dark brown.
Prothorax quadrangular or wider than long; angles
mostly rounded ; surface not very rugose ; mostly con-
colorous. Legs brown or blackish, first and second tarsal
segments subequal, second segment very short. Wings
present in most forms, though often abbreviated ; radius
and media of forewing fused at base ; one median and
one cubital crossvein in forewing and these usually op-
posite each other; hind wing with a large anal field.
Abdomen brown, cerci composed of few to many seg-
ments.
Male. Supra-anal process modified into a recurved
probe; subanal lobes small, triangular; ninth abdominal
sternite only slightly produced and evenly rounded, with-
out a ventral appendage.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite not produced into
a distinct subgenital plate.
Key to the Genera of Capniidae.
1. Forewing with crossveins between Rl and R2
Capnura
Forewing without crossveins between Rl and R2 2
2. Subcosta ends much before the cord ; anal field of
hind large and nearly as long as the entire
wing; usually no crossvein in the space beyond
the tip of subcosta ; venation quite irregular ;
mostly Eastern species C a pud la
Subcosta reaches to or nearly to the cord; anal
field of hind wing not more than half the length
of the wing; usually a crossvein in the space
beyond the tip of subcosta; mostly Western
species Capnia
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
253
Genus CAPNIA Pictet.
1841. Cap nia Pictet, Insectes Neurop., Perlides, 320.
1897. Arsapnia Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 24:22.
1907. Arsapnia Banks, Cat. Neur. Ins., p. 15.
Small blackish species, mostly-
less than 10 mm. in length.
Head blackish, wider than pro-
thorax; three small ocelli, the
hind ocelli closer to the eyes than
to each other; a depressed area
just back of the hind ocelli; sur-
face covered with fine pile. Anten-
nae long, dark brown and com-
posed of more than twenty-five
segments.
Prothorax as wide or wider
than long; surface at most mod-
erately rugose ; front angles
broadly rounded; sides usually
somewhat convex. Legs brown ;
middle tarsal segment very short ;
first and third tarsal segments
subequal. Wings subhyaline to
lightly inf uscated ; venation not
very heavy and quite regular;
subcosta reaches at least three-
fourth the distance to the cord;
an oblique crossvein beyond the
end of subcosta ; one median and
one cubital crossvein (not count-
ing the end ones) and these op-
posite each other; anal field of
hind wing only about half as long
as wing and not extending back of the cord.
Abdomen brown. Cerci or tails long (except A. brevi-
cauda, in which the cerci are composed of five or six seg-
ments) usually as long or longer than the entire body and
composed of somewhere near twenty segments.
Male. Supra-anal process recurved over the abdomen in
the form of a probe; subanal lobes small, triangular, up-
curved, ninth abdominal sternite slightly produced and
evenly rounded behind, without a ventral appendage.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite not produced into
a distinct subgenital plate.
Fig. 28.
Capnia vernalis
Newp.
254 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Genotype, Capnia nigra Pict. (European).
Capnia rental is Newpt. is the only species of this genus
from east of the Rocky Mountains. This genus replaces
Capnella west of the Rocky Mountains. It differs from
Capnella in the more regular venation, a longer subcosta,
and a shorter anal field in the hind wings.
The males show very distinct specific differences in the
structure of the genitalia, but the females can at present
not be definitely separated and no attempt has been made
to include an analytic key to the females in the species
which are known.
Key to the Species of Capnia.
Males.
1. Supra-anal process divided into two or three parts 2
Supra-anal process composed of a single recurved
probe 4
2. Supra-anal process composed of two parts, sub-
equal in length 3
Supra-anal process composed of three parts, a
lower excavated sheath, reaching to the sev-
enth abdominal tergite and two upper processes
extending about two-thirds the length of the
lower sheath ; seventh abdominal tergite with
a small median raised process barberi
3. Seventh abdominal tergite with a median, raised,
granulate knob ; supra-anal processes slender,
gradually tapering to blunt points manitoba
Seventh abdominal tergite without a definite me-
dian raised knob (although the tergite is
humped) ; supra-anal processes each enlarged
toward the tip and bifid columbiana
4. Supra-anal process slender, gradually tapering to
a point 5
Supra-anal process enlarged beyond the base 11
5. Seventh abdominal tergite with a distinct raised
knob or button 6
Seventh abdominal segment smooth, without a
raised knob or button 7
6. Knob on seventh abdominal tergite circular,
coarsely granulate, extending considerably over
the hind margin of the seventh tergite; supra-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 255
anal process short, reaching to hind margin of
eighth tergite, truncate behind fibula
Knob on the seventh abdominal tergite trans-
verse, finely granulate and not extending much
over the hind margin of the seventh tergite;
supra-anal process long, slender, gradually ta-
pering to a point and extending to the knob on
the seventh tergite elongata
7. Supra-anal process very long and slender (about
as long as the first seven segments of the cerci)
and reaching normally to the middle of the sev-
enth abdominal tergite 8
Supra-anal process generally not longer than the
first 4-5 segments of the cerci, reaching not
farther than the middle of the eighth abdomi-
nal tergite 9
8. Small species (5 mm. in length) ; Sc does not
reach the cord ; few or no costal crossveins ; R
sinuate at origin of Rs gracilaria
Large species (15 mm. in length) ; Sc reaches
about to the cord ; costal crossveins present ; R
not sinuate at origin of Rs grandis
9. Eighth abdominal tergite with a small median
raised tubercle; supra-anal process not longer
than the first three segments of the cerci— nana
Eighth abdominal tergite smooth, without a
raised process; supra-anal process longer than
the first three segments of the cerci 10
10. Ninth abdominal tergite with two small raised
tubercles, one each side of the median de-
pressed area ; Sc reaches almost to the cord ; R
of f orewing sinuate at origin of Rs ; supra-anal
process normally reaches to middle of eighth
tergite; western species glabra
Ninth abdominal tergite without any distinct
tubercles; Sc does not reach to the cord; R of
f orewing sinuate at origin of Rs; supra-anal
process normally reaches to middle of ninth
tergite; eastern species vernalis
11. Seventh abdominal tergite with a raised knob or
button 12
Seventh abdominal tergite smooth, without a
raised knob or button •_ 14
12. Ninth abdominal tergite with two distinct gran-
ulate tubercles, one each side of the median de-
pressed area; supra-anal process short, glo-
2.56 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
bose, smooth ; raised process on seventh tergite
deeply emarginate behind teresa
Ninth abdominal tergite without tubercles;
supra-anal process not globose ; raised process
on seventh tergite not deeply emarginate 13
13. Supra-anal process short, on the anterior margin
with large bristles or spines ; process on sev-
enth tergite not much produced backward
tumida
Supra-anal process quite long, without spines or
bristles ; process on seventh tergite produced
backward considerably decepta
14. Eighth abdominal tergite with a raised rounded
knob closely beset with short tubercles
nearctica
Eighth abdominal tergite without a raised
rounded knob 15
15. Ninth abdominal tergite with two rounded, hairy
knobs, one each side of the median depressed
area; eighth tergite largely membranous
californica
Ninth abdominal tergite smooth, without knobs ;
eighth tergite with the hind margin produced
and apically notched and bearing before the
apex a small tubercle excavata
Capnia vernalis Newport.
(Plate 47, fig. 6; plate 48, figs. 1, 2.)
1848. Capnia vernalis Newport, Proe. Linn. Soc, p. 388.
1851. Capnia vernalis Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc, 20:451.
1852. Capnia vernalis Walker, Cat., p. 176.
1852. Nemoura tenuis Walker, Cat., p. 182.
1861. Capnia vernalis Hagen, Ins. Neur. N. A., p. 33.
1892. Capnia vernalis Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1907. Capnia vernalis Banks, Cat. Neurop., 15.
Length to tip of wings, male, 4.5-5.5 mm. ; female, 5.5-
6.5 mm. Expanse, male, 7-9 mm. ; female, 8-11 mm.
General color black. Head a little wider than prothorax,
black, shining; hind ocelli at least three times as close to
eyes as to each other. Antennae dark brown to blackish.
Prothorax blackish, slightly rugose; wider than long;
front angles broadly, hind angles narrowly rounded ; sides
somewhat convex. Legs dark brown. Wings somewhat
inf uscated ; wings of male usually shorter than abdomen,
of female about as long or longer than abdomen ; Sc does
not reach to the cord; R very slightly sinuate at origin
of Rs ; Rs comes off of R at a rather narrow angle. Cerci
brown, quite hairy, composed of at least twenty-five
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 257
segments, longer than entire body ; middle segments at
least five times as long as wide.
Male. Abdominal tergites smooth, without any knobs,
covered with long hairs ; ninth tergite with a narrow me-
dian depression ; tenth tergite bifid ; supra-anal process
recurved, slender, tapering to a sharp point and reaching
above to hind margin of eighth (normal position) ; the
supra-anal process is grooved ; subanal lobes upcurved
and bluntly pointed ; ninth sternite somewhat produced
and evenly rounded behind.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite unmodified and
not produced into a subgenital plate.
The above description pertains to the specimens which
have been collected in New York State. Specimens from
Michigan agree in general structural details but they are
of a brown color instead of black and emerge much later.
They are placed here with some doubt.
Distribution. — Originally described from specimens col-
lected at St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson Bay
(Barnston). Many specimens from Mountain Lake, Fulton
Co., N. Y., April 26, 1923 (P. W. Claassen) ; Clinton, N. Y.,
March, 1903 (P. B. Powell) ; Highland, N. Y., March 12,
1919 ; Gilman Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y., April 27, 1923 (P.
W. C.) ; Coy Glen, Ithaca, N. Y., March 30 ; Isle Royal,
Mich., July 14, 1905 (H. A. Gleason).
This is the only species of the genus found east of the
Rocky Mountains.
Capnia nana Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 3.)
1924. Capnia ncna Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:46.
Length to tip of wings, male, 5.5 mm. Expanse, male,
7 mm. Length to tip of abdomen, male, 6.5 mm.
General color blackish. Head wider than prothorax,
black; ocelli small, the hind ocelli nearly three times as
close to eyes as to each other; antennae blackish. Pro-
thorax about as long as wide, blackish ; sides nearly
straight; angles rounded; surface somewhat rugose, es-
pecially toward the center. Legs blackish brown. Wings
subhyaline, not reaching to the tip of the abdomen ; R in
forewing bent upwards at origin of Rs; Rs-M stem of
hind wing very short. Abdomen blackish ; cerci with
more than ten segments (tips broken off) .
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite with a small median,
raised, chitinized process ; ninth and tenth tergites with
a median depression ; supra-anal process recurved, short,
2.58 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
reaching part way across segment nine ; subanal lobes
broadly triangular and ending in short spine-like proc-
esses; ninth sternite slightly produced and evenly
rounded.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, March, 1923, Terrace, B. C. (Mrs. W.
W. Hippisley, in Cornell University Collection) ; paratype,
male, same locality.
Capnia glabra Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 4.)
1924. Cii/ i a in glabra, Claassen, Can. Ent,, 56:55.
Length to tip of wings, male, 4 mm. Expanse, male,
6 mm. Length to tip of abdomen, male, 5.5 mm.
General color brown. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax ; dark brown covered with fine pile ; hind ocelli
about three times as close to eyes as to each other. An-
tennae brown, composed of about thirty-three segments.
Prothorax brown ; wider than long ; front and hind angles
broadly rounded ; sides somewhat convex ; surface slightly
rugose. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline ; considerably
shorter than abdomen in the male ; Sc reaches nearly to
the cord; R sinuate at origin of Rs. Abdomen brown.
Cerei or tails long, composed of about twenty-five seg-
ments, the middle segment about four times as long as
wide, end segments about five times as long as wide.
Male. Eighth and ninth abdominal tergites somewhat
depressed in the middle ; ninth tergite each side with a
slightly raised hairy knob ; tenth tergite bifid ; supra-anal
process recurved, slender, bluntly pointed and reaching
to the middle of the eighth tergite ; subanal lobes triangu-
lar, upcurved and ending in short, sharp spines ; ninth
sternite slightly produced and evenly rounded.
Holotype, male, Dec. 25-26, 1922, Sunnyside Mine near
Plumas Co., Calif. (H. S. Barber, in the National Museum,
Washington, D. C.) ; paratypes, many males from the
same locality, Dec. 25 to Jan. 24.
Capnia gracilaria Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 5.)
1924. Capnia gracilaria Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:57.
Length to tip of wings, male, 5 mm. Expanse, male,
8.5 mm.
General color blackish. Head a little wider than pro-
thorax, black; nearly smooth; ocelli very small, the hind
ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each other; an-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 259
tennae blackish. Prothorax wider than long; slightly
widened behind; angles rounded; surface slightly rugose
in the median region. Legs blackish brown. Wings sub-
hyaline; R of forewing sinuate at the origin of Rs; Sc
ends before the cord; stem of Rs-M in hind wing about
one-sixth the length of Rs before the cord. Cerci com-
posed of about 16 segments (tips probably broken off) .
Male. Abdominal tergites without any knobs or proc-
esses except the seventh which has a very slight indica-
tion of a small median knob; eighth and ninth tergites
with a slight median depression; tenth tergite bifid; su-
pra-anal process recurved, slender and very long, normal-
ly reaching to seventh tergite ; subanal lobes broadly tri-
angular and terminating in short spine-like processes;
ninth sternite slightly produced and evenly rounded.
Female, unknown.
This species is very closely related to C. grandis Banks,
but is only about one-third as large.
Holotype, male, April 28, 1907, Aweme, Man. (N. Crid-
dle, in Cornell University Collection) .
Capnia grandis Banks.
(Plate 48, fig. 6.)
1908. Arsapnia grandis Banks, Can. Ent., 37:329.
Length to tip of wings, male, 15 mm. Expanse, male,
25 mm.
General color black with wings lightly infuscated.
Head jet black, very little wider than prothorax, a de-
pression behind the ocellar triangle; entire surface of
head rather rugose; covered with fine pile; a depressed
triangular area each side of the front ocellus ; ocelli form
a triangle whose base is a little longer than the sides ; hind
ocelli more than twice as close to eyes as to each other.
Antennae and palpi black.
Prothorax uniformly black, very little narrower than
head, not narrowed behind, front and hind margins and
sides straight. All angles rounded. Rugosities few but
well marked, smooth and shiny; surface covered with
fine pile. Legs blackish brown; tibiae a little lighter.
Wings uniformly slightly infuscated, veins brown; Sc
reaches to the cord; R not sinuate at origin of Rs; Rs
comes off of R gradually ; five to six costal crossveins be-
fore the end of Sc. Rs and M of hind wing with very short
basal stem.
Abdomen blackish brown, somewhat lighter at base,
covered with fine pile. Cerci or tails brown at base,
260 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
black beyond the middle; first segment at least twice as
long as wide, the next two segments about twice as wide
as long; the segments beyond the middle four or five
times as long as wide ; quite hairy.
Male. The ninth ventral segment but slightly produced
backward, the hind margin evenly rounded; the supra-
anal process modified into a very long and slender probe
which recurves over the abdomen and reaches at least to
the middle of the eighth tergite ; subanal lobes triangular,
up-curved. There is no tubercle on any of the tergites.
Female, unknown.
Type, male, 11365, Victoria, B. C, April 12, 1907 (Banks
Collection, Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.).
Capnia elongata Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 7.)
1924. Capnia elongata Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:56.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. Expanse, male,
12.5 mm.
General color dark brown. Head a little wider than
prothorax, brown ; occiput marked with longitudinal dark
lines ; hind ocelli almost twice as close to eyes as to each
other. Antennae dark brown.
Prothorax wider than long, dark brown; somewhat
widened behind; front angles broadly, hind angles nar-
rowly rounded; surface moderately rugose in the middle
portion. Legs dark brown. Wings subhyaline; Sc ends
before the cord ; R sinuate at origin of Rs. Cerci brown,
composed of at least twenty-one segments.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a raised, black,
granulate, rounded transverse knob on the hind margin;
eighth and ninth tergites with a slight median depression ;
tenth tergite bifid ; supra-anal process recurved, slender,
very long, reaching to the knob on the seventh tergite ;
subanal lobes upcurved and ending in short spine-like
processes; ninth sternite slightly produced and rounded.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Jan. 24, 1922, near Caribou, Plumas Co.,
Calif. (H. S. Barber, in the U. S. National Museum) ;
paratypes, four males from the same locality.
Capnia excavata Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 8.)
1924. Capnia excavata Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:47.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5 mm. Expanse, male,
10.5 mm.
PLECOPTERA OE NORTH AMERICA 261
General color blackish brown. Head wider than pro-
thorax, blackish; lateral tubercles large, flat, polished;
occiput with longitudinal, polished, interrupted ridges;
hind ocelli about three times as close to eyes as to each
other; antennae blackish. Prothorax not wider than
long ; widened behind ; angles very broadly rounded ; sur-
face moderately rugose, the rugosities blackish. Legs
dark brown. Wings lightly fumose; Sc reaches almost
to the cord ; R of f orewing sinuate at origin of Rs. Abdo-
men brown, cerci brown, with almost twenty segments.
Male. Hind margin of the eighth abdominal tergite pro-
duced upward and backward with a slight notch at the
apex, and before the apex a small blunt tubercle; supra-
anal process recurved, moderately slender at base, but
much enlarged before the apex, truncate and ending in
a slender pointed process ; subanal lobes ending in short,
upcurved, spine-like processes; ninth sternite slightly
produced and evenly rounded behind.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Jan. 24, 1923, on snow, Feather River
Canyon, near Caribou, Plumas Co., Calif. (H. S. Barber,
in U. S. National Museum) ; paratypes, eight males, from
same locality.
Capnia tumida Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 9.)
1924. Capnia tumida Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:47.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7.5 mm. Expanse, male,
12.5 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head a little wider than
prothorax ; blackish ; lateral tubercles large, flat, polished ;
occiput with a number of longitudinal polished ridges;
hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each other;
antennae blackish. Prothorax a little wider than long;
widened behind ; angles broadly rounded ; surface moder-
ately rugose, the rugosities blackish. Legs dark brown.
Wings lightly fumose; R of f orewing bent upwards at
origin of Rs. Abdomen dark brown; cerci brown, com-
posed of about nineteen segments.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a raised, black
knob which is emarginate behind ; ninth and tenth ter-
gites each with a median depression ; supra-anal process
recurved, bifid, much enlarged at the base and tapering
to a blunt double point ; on the anterior portion of the
bulbous enlargement a row of bristles ; the enlargement
wider than long, flattened above ; subanal lobes ending in
262 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
short upturned spine-like processes ; ninth sternite slightly-
produced behind and evenly rounded.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Dec. 25-26, 1922, Sunnyside Mine, near
Seneca, Plumas Co., Calif. (H. S. Barber, in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum) ; paratypes, seven males, from same local-
ity. Two of these paratypes are in the National Museum
and three are in the Cornell University Collection.
Capnia teresa Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 10.)
1924. Capnia teresa Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:54.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5 mm. Expanse, male,
11 mm.
General color brown. Head brown, wider than pro-
thorax ; lateral tubercles polished ; occiput marked with
longitudinal ridges; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to
each other ; antennae brown ; composed of about twenty-
six segments. Prothorax a little wider than long, some-
what widened behind ; front angles broadly rounded, hind
angles narrowly rounded ; sides somewhat convex ; surface
moderately rugose, the rugosities coarse and few in num-
ber. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline ; Sc reaches to the
cord; R of forewing sinuate at origin of Rs. Abdomen
brown; cerci brown, composed of about nineteen seg-
ments.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a raised, rear-
ward pointing chitinous knob, closely beset with fine
spines and deeply emarginate behind ; ninth tergite partly
cleft and each side of the middle with a raised granulate
knob ; supra-anal process recurved, enlarged into a some-
what spherical bulb which bears a short pointed process
at the tip ; subanal lobes upcurved and ending in a spine-
like process ; ninth sternite slightly produced and broadly
rounded behind.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Oct. 15, 1922, Evey's Canon, Clare-
mont, Calif. (Theresa Robinson, in Cornell University
Collection).
This species is rather closely related to C. tumida but
is smaller, lighter in color and differs in the structure of
the genitalia.
Capnia californica Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 11.)
1924. Capnia californica Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:57.
Length to tip of wings, male, 6.5 mm. Expanse, male,
11 mm.
PLECOPTERA OE XORTH AMERICA 263
General color brown. Head wider than prothorax ; lat-
eral tubercles large, polished; occiput with longitudinal
rugosities ; hind ocelli at least three times as close to eyes
as to each other ; antennae dark brown, darker toward the
tip. Prothorax a little wider than long; a little widened
behind; angles rounded; surface somewhat rugose; the
rugosities mainly in the form of three longitudinal darker
irregular lines. Legs brown. Wings subhyaline; R of
forewing only slightly sinuate at the origin of Rs. Ab-
domen brown ; cerci brown, composed of about twenty
segments.
Male. Hind margin of eighth abdominal tergite deeply
emarginate so that there is only a narrow chitinized "col-
lar" in the center, leaving the main portion membranous ;
ninth tergite with two round, raised, chitinous knobs
which are granular and beset with long hairs, the area be-
tween the knobs largely membranous ; tenth tergite bifid ;
supra-anal process recurved, short, enlarged, excavated
above and bearing on the ventral side near the tip a tooth ;
subanal lobes triangular, ending in short spine-like proc-
esses ; ninth sternite slightly produced and evenly
rounded.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, April 14, 1918, Cazadero, Calif. (E. P.
Van Duzee, in the California Academy of Sciences).
Capnia fibula Claassen.
(Plate 48, fig. 12; plate 49, fig. 1.)
1924. Capinia fibula Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:56.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 9 mm.
Expanse, male, 12 mm. ; female, 16 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax ;
lateral tubercles large, dark, flat, polished; occiput some-
what rugose ; hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as
to each other. Antennae of male gone, in female composed
of thirty-three segments. Prothorax wider than long;
sides about straight ; front angles broadly rounded ; hind
angles quite sharp; surface very slightly rugose. Legs
brown; wings lightly infuscated; crossvein beyond sub-
costa originates at the cord ; R sinuate at the origin of Rs.
Tails long, composed of thirteen or more segments.
Male. Seventh tergite bearing on the median posterior
margin a rounded button, closely beset with small papillae ;
supra-anal process recurved, short, truncate, the tip
slightly emarginate ; ninth sternite slightly produced and
rounded behind, subanal lobes ending in short upcurved
spine-like processes.
264 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Female. Eighth sternite not produced into a subgenital
plate, but with the hind margin somewhat uneven.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, Las Vegas Hot
Springs, N. M., 7,000 feet, Jan. 22, 1902 (T. D. A. Cockrell,
in Cornell University Collection.)
Capnia nearctica Banks.
(Plate 49, figs. 2, 3.)
1918. Capnia nearctica Banks, Rept. Can. Aret. Exp., Vol. Ill, Part
B, 3B.
Length to tip of wings, male, 3 mm. ; female, 6 mm. To
tip of abdomen, male, 5.5 mm. ; female, 6 mm.
General color black. Head black, wider than prothorax,
hairy, lateral tubercles black, smooth ; hind ocelli closer
to the eyes than to each other; antennae black.
Prothorax wider than long, slightly widened behind;
angles rounded ; surface moderately rugose. Legs black-
ish ; middle tarsal segment not more than one-fourth as
long as the first segment. Wings uniformly but lightly
inf uscated ; veins heavy, brown ; wings of male much
shorter than abdomen, of female as long as abdomen ; sub-
costa reaches almost to the cord.
Abdomen blackish ; cerci or tails dark brown, hairy.
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite with a large rounded
knob closely beset with short tubercles and sparsely
clothed with fine hair; supra-anal process recurved, bifid
dorso-ventrally, enlarged at base and longitudinally stri-
ated ; subanal lobes triangular, upcurved ; ninth abdominal
sternite slightly produced and evenly rounded behind.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite little
or not at all produced into a subgenital plate.
Type in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa ; para-
types, two females and one male (No. 11296), in the Mu-
seum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Collected June
25, 1915, at Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territory, Can-
ada (Canadian Arctic Expedition).
Capnia decepta Banks.
(Plato 49, figs. 4, 5.)
1897. Arsapnia decepta Hanks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 24:22.
1907. Arsapnia decepta Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 15.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 8.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 11.5 mm.; female, 14.5 mm.
General color black. Head entirely black, wider than
prothorax, a slight depression just behind the ocellar tri-
angle ; narrow, black, polished, slightly raised ridges from
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 265
the hind ocelli towards the base of antennae. Head cov-
ered with yellowish hairs which are quite long on the
clypeus and labrum ; surface not rugose. Ocelli from an
almost equilateral triangle whose base is a little longer
than the sides; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes
as to each other. Antennae dark brown or blackish. Palpi
blackish brown.
Prothorax black, narrower than head, wider than long ;
sides convex, front margin slightly, but evenly rounded;
front angles broadly rounded ; hind angles more narrowly
rounded; surface rugose but the rugosities not very
strong; covered with fine yellowish pile. Meso- and meta-
thorax black. Legs brown ; in some specimens very dark,
in others lighter brown with the femora darker towards
the distal end. Wings uniformly hyaline or very slightly
fuscous ; veins brown ; Sc reaches almost to the cord ; R
sinuate at origin of Rs.
Abdomen dark brown, hairy. Cerci or tails yellowish
brown (lighter in the specimens with light brown legs
and darker in those with dark legs) ; slightly darker
towards the tip; hairy, shorter hairs all over segments
and long hairs on the apical part of the individual seg-
ments.
Male. Seventh tergite prolonged backward into a
raised rather broad truncate process or tubercle. Supra-
anal process recurved and reaching to the process on seg-
ment seven; bifid, narrower at the base and much wider
in the middle. At the tip it sends a ventral process or
tongue under the tubercle on segment seven.
Female. The eighth abdominal sternite is not pro-
duced ; the middle portion of the segment smooth and
somewhat swollen.
Cotypes, male and female, No. 11366, in Banks Collec-
tion, Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ;
three females from Colorado, 1853 ; one female from
Steamboat Springs, Colo., May 27.
Capnia columbiana Claassen.
(Plate 49, figs. 6, 7.)
1924. Capnia columbiana Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:47.
Length to tip of wings, male, 7 mm. ; female, 10 mm.
Expanse, male, 12 mm. ; female, 17 mm.
General color blackish brown. Head wider than pro-
thorax, blackish ; lateral tubercles large, flat, polished ;
ocelli small, hind ocelli almost three times as close to eyes
as to each other; antennae blackish. Prothorax about
2()<) THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
as long as wide; sides a little convex; front angles nar-
rowly rounded, hind angles quite sharp; surface very
lightly rugose. Legs black. Wings subfumose, the veins
heavy ; R of f orewing sinuate at the origin of Rs ; Rs
bending down almost at right angles; stem of Rs-M in
hind wing short. Abdomen dark brown; cerci blackish,
with at least nineteen segments.
Male. Posterior half of the seventh abdominal tergite
raised into a narrow, rounded, hairy, transverse ridge ;
eighth, ninth and tenth tergites with a shallow median
depression, supra-anal process composed of two recurved
processes, one above the other, equally long, both heavily
chitinizecl, enlarged toward the tip and there bifid ;
subanal lobes broadly triangular, upcurved ; ninth sternite
slightly produced and evenly rounded behind.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite slightly produced ;
the hind margin with four triangular tooth-like processes
in some of the females, while in others the margin is
nearly straight.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, March, 1923, Terrace,
B. C. (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley, in Cornell University Col-
lection) ; paratypes, six females.
Capnia manitoba Claassen.
(Plate 47, fig. 4; plate 49, figs. 8, 9.)
1924. Capnia manitoba Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:54.
Length to tip of wings, male, 5-5.5 mm. ; female, 7.5-8.5
mm. Expanse, male, 8.5-9 mm. ; female, 13-14 mm.
General color very dark brown to blackish. Head black,
wider than prothorax; covered with fine pile; lateral tu-
bercles large, flat, shiny ; hind ocelli closer to eyes than to
each other; antennae blackish, composed of about thirty-
five to thirty-eight segments. Prothorax black, wider than
long, the sides convex ; angles rounded ; surface rather
rugose. Legs dark brown, the femora darker above. Wings
f umose, veins dark brown ; venation as in plate 47, figure
4. Abdomen blackish. Cerci dark brown, with about
eighteen to twenty segments.
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a V-shaped in-
cision on the anterior margin and on the posterior half
with a large, raised, rounded, finely granulate knob which
is slightly emarginate behind ; supra-anal process recurved
over the tergum, the upper part greatly arched, rod-like,
gradually tapering to a point and reaching to the knob on
the seventh tergite (natural position). The lower part
of the supra-anal process is more slender and lies closely
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 267
appressed to the tergum, reaching to the tip of the upper
part; subanal lobes ending in short upcurved spine-like
processes; tenth tergite medially bifid; ninth sternite
slightly produced into an evenly rounded subgenital plate.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite not produced into
a definite subgenital plate.
Holotype, male, allotype, female, April, 28, 1907,
Aweme, Man. (N. Griddle, in Canadian Entomological
Collection, Ottawa, Can.) ; paratypes, six males and five
females, from same locality.
Capnia barberi Claassen.
(Plate 49, fig. 10.)
1924. Capnia barberi Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:55.
Length to tip of wings, male, 5 mm. Expanse, male,
about 8 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax,
dark brown ; occiput slightly rugose ; hind ocelli about
twice as close to eyes as to each other; antennae dark
brown with about thirty-one segments ; palpi brown. Pro-
thorax brown, wider than long; front angles broadly
rounded, hind angles more narrowly rounded ; widened
posteriorly; sides somewhat convex; surface moderately
rugose. Legs brown. Wings uniformly subhyaline ; veins
dark brown ; in f orewing Rs comes off of radius at a very
broad angle. (The wings in this specimen are in rather
poor condition, not being fully expanded.) Antennae
brown ; cerci brown (one absent, the other with only
twelve segments present).
Male. Seventh abdominal tergite with a narrow, sharp
chitinized tubercle; supra-anal process recurved, com-
posed of three parts, a lower excavated sheath which ex-
tends to the tubercle, and two pointed processes about
two-thirds as long as the sheath ; subanal lobes short, tri-
angular; ninth sternite slightly produced into an evenly
rounded subgenital plate, which bears a short tubercle be-
hind ; ninth tergite partly divided, tenth tergite bifid.
Female, unknown.
Holotype, male, Jan. 24, 1923, on snow, Feather River
Canyon, near Caribou, Plumas Co., Calif., Sunnyside Mine,
near to Belden (H. S. Barber, in Collection of U. S. Na-
tional Museum).
268 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Capnia bakeri Banks.
(Plate 49, fig. 11.)
1918. Arsapnia bakeri Banks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard 62,
No. 1:9.
Length to tip of wings, female, 9.5 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 17 mm.
General color blackish brown, wings slightly inf uscated.
Head dark brown with black rugosities ; wider than the
prothorax. A depressed area between the hind ocelli and
one each side of the front ocellus ; a black narrow polished
mark extends from the hind ocelli towards the base of
the antennae, and two large black polished slightly raised
marks on the clypeus ; occiput with a number of black
longitudinal broken lines; head covered with fine pile.
Ocelli form an almost equilateral triangle whose base is
a little longer than the sides, hind ocelli closer to the eyes
than to each other, but hardly twice as close. Antennae
yellowish brown except the two basal segments which are
dark brown ; hairy ; middle segments about three times
as long as wide. Palpi light brown.
Prothorax dark brown with black rugosities ; covered
with fine pile; a little narrower than head, wider than
long; slightly narrowed behind; front margin slightly
rounded ; front angles broadly rounded ; sides convex ;
hind angles narrowly rounded ; surface quite rugose.
Legs yellowish or light brown ; femora a little darker
towards the distal ends ; tarsi dark. Wings slightly in-
fuscated, an infuscated spot at the cord and somewhat in-
f uscated at the tips of the wings ; veins dark brown ; Sc
does not reach the cord; R not sinuate at origin of Rs.
Abdomen blackish brown. Cerci or tails yellowish at
base, darker beyond middle. Segment two about as long
as wide, the segments beyond the middle about four times
as long as wide, hairy.
Female. The eighth ventral segment only very slightly
produced in the middle, uniformly blackish brown and
somewhat swollen in the middle.
Male, unknown.
Type, female, No. 10053, mountains near Claremont,
Calif. (C. F. Baker, in Banks Collection, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). »
The female type is not in very good condition, the pro-
thorax being rather badly twisted and the subgenital plate
somewhat shriveled.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 269
Capnia brevicauda Claassen.
(Plate 47, fig. 2; plate 49, fig. 12.)
L924. Capnia brevicauda Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:55.
Length to tip of wings, female, 6-6.5 mm. Expanse, fe-
male, 10-10.5 mm.
General color dark brown. Head wider than prothorax ;
dark brown ; frontal ridge black ; large, black, flat, polished
lateral tubercles ; a large rounded black spot back of each
hind ocellus ; hind ocelli only about two diameters distant
from the eyes. Prothorax about as long as wide ; sides
nearly straight ; front angles broadly rounded, hind angles
quite sharp ; surface slightly rugose ; three narrow median
longitudinal black lines and a narrow black line completely
surrounding the inner disc. Legs dark brown. Wings
uniformly f umose ; crossvein beyond Sc about half way
between the cord and the tip of wing; R not sinuate at
origin of Rs. Cerci short, composed of four or five seg-
ments.
Male, unknown.
Female. Eighth sternite unmodified and not produced
into a subgenital plate.
Holotype, female, Boulder, Colo. (G. S. Dodds, in Cor-
nell University Collection) ; paratypes, four females, from
the same locality.
Okamoto has recently made a new genus (Eucapnopsis)
for the species with short cerci, however the venation and
other characters are typical of Capnia.
Capnia crinita, new species.
(Plate 33, fig. 6.)
Length to tip of wings, female, 16 mm. Expanse, 28
mm.
A large blackish hairy species. Head slightly wider than
prothorax, blackish ; hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to
each other; antennae blackish, covered with long hairs.
Prothorax wider than long, slightly narrowed behind ;
front angles broadly rounded, hind angles narrowly
rounded; front and lateral margins brown, rest of pro-
notum blackish ; surface quite rugose and very hairy.
Legs blackish. Wings subhyaline ; veins rather heavy
brown; 5-6 costal crossveins before the end of subcosta
and 2-3 beyond ; in the hind wing the costal space is very
wide, much wider than in other species of this genus;
the wings on the left side of the specimen have several
crossveins between the branches of the radial sector —
three in the front wing and two in the hind wing; there
are no such crossveins in the wings on the right side.
270 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Abdomen brown with long blackish hairy tails.
Male, unknown.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite
not produced but rather emarginate in the middle.
Holotype, female, Montana Experiment Station, Boze-
man, Mont., May 12, 1917 (R. A. Cooley, in Cornell Uni-
versity Collection).
Genus CAPNURA Banks.
1900. Ca i>n urn Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Sot-., 20:24.1.
1907. Capnura Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 15.
1909. Capnura Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 34:391.
Small blackish stoneflies 10-12 mm. in length, very sim-
ilar to Capnia Pict.
Head black, pilose with three ocelli, the hind ocelli
closer to the eyes than to each other; a depressed area
between the hind ocelli ; antennae long, submoniliform.
Prothorax blackish, narrower than head ; surface only
lightly rugose, front angles broadly rounded, somewhat
narrowed behind. Legs dark, first and third tarsal seg-
ments subequal, second segment about one-fourth as long
as first. Wings subhyaline or lightly inf uscated ; veins
dark but not heavy ; few or no costal crossveins ; several
irregular crossveins between Rl and R2-3 and sometimes
one between R2-3 and R4-5 ; only one median and one
cubital crossvein in forewing (not counting end ones) ;
anal field of hind wing containing three veins.
Abdomen dark brown; setae or tails long, composed of
twelve or more hairy segments.
Male, unknown.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite not
produced into a distinct subgenital plate.
Genotype, Capnura venosa Bks.
This genus contains one species of which only the fe-
males are known.
Capnura venosa Banks.
(Plate 47, fig. 7; plate 49, fig. 13.)
1900. Capnura venosa Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 20:245.
1907. Capnura venosa Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 15.
Length to tip of wings, female, 10 mm. Expanse, 18
mm.
•General color black, the wings slightly infuscated.
Head black, covered with rather long hairs. A de-
pressed area between the hind ocelli and another one just
back of the front ocellus. Lateral tubercles large, flat,
PLECOPTEBA OF XOBTH AMEBICA 271
polished ; clypeus quite rugose. The ocelli form an almost
equilateral triangle whose base is a little longer than the
sides; hind ocelli about twice as close to eyes as to each
other. Antennae black, submonilif orm ; third segment a
little longer than second; fourth equals second in length.
Palpi black, short.
Prothorax black, narrower than head, wider than long,
narrowed behind ; sides convex in front and middle, front
angles very broadly rounded, hind angles narrowly
rounded; surface coarsely rugose and hairy. Meso- and
metathorax black, hairy. Legs brown or blackish. In the
specimens with lighter legs the femora are darker
towards the tips. First and third tarsal segments sub-
equal; second segment short, not more than one-fourth
as long as first. Wings uniformly and lightly infuscated,
veins dark brown, several crossveins between Rl and R2
beyond. the cord in both fore and hind wings. Venation
as in plate 47, figure 7.
Abdomen blackish brown, somewhat lighter towards
the tip, covered with rather long hair, the tip of the ab-
domen being especially hairy. Cerci or tails submonili-
form, dark brown, very hairy, the hairs longer than the
basal segments, which are about as long as wide ; beyond
the middle the segments are three to four times as long
as wide.
Male, unknown.
Female. The eighth abdominal sternite truncate and not
noticably produced.
Distribution. — Four "females, including type 11364, from
Pullman, Wash., April 9, 1897 (Banks Collection, Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.) ; one female,
Pullman, Wash., March 16, 1909 (W. M. Mann) .
Genus CAPNELLA Claassen.
1924. Capnella Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:43.
Small blackish species, mostly under 10 mm. in length ;
usually winged, the males often short-winged and in
at least one species the males are wingless.
Head blackish, wider than prothorax; ocelli three, the
hind ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other. An-
tennae blackish, long.
Prothorax usually a little wider than long; angles
rounded ; surface slightly to moderately rugose. Legs
nearly uniformly brown or blackish ; middle tarsal seg-
ment very short ; first and third tarsal segments subequal.
Wings subhyaline, with heavy irregular venation, the
272
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
veins often ending blindly ; subcosta short, usually not
reaching farther than to a point half way between the
origin of Rs and the cord; no crossvein beyond the end
of Sc, or if present it is very near the tip of Rl ; anal
field of hind wings large and nearly as long as the rest
of the wing.
Abdomen blackish, cerci or tails long,
composed of many (fifteen or more) seg-
ments.
Male. Supra-anal process recurved up-
on the dorsum of the abdomen and di-
vided into two parts, an upper chitinized
process which serves as a probe and a
lower excavated sheath in which the up-
per probe rests ; eighth abdominal ter-
gite usually bears a single or double
knob, under or against which the supra-
anal process fits ; ninth and tenth ab-
dominal tergites with a median longi-
tudinal groove in which the supra-anal
process normally lies (this results in the
bifid appearance of these two tergites) ;
subanal lobes small, somewhat tri-
angular ; ninth abdominal sternite
slightly produced and evenly rounded
behind, without any ventral appendage.
Female. Hind margin of eighth ab-
dominal sternite very little or not at all
produced; genital opening not guarded
by valves.
Genotype, Capnella granulata Clsn.
There is considerable variation in the
length of the wings within the same
species. Venational characters serve for generic distinc-
tion but there is so much variation that they are of no
value in separating the species. The genitalia of the
males furnish excellent characters for specific determi-
nation ; however, in the females the genital structures are
of little value as key characters. No attempt is made to
furnish an analytic key for the determination of the fe-
males.
Fig. 29. Capnella
pygmaea Burm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 273
Key to the Species of Capnella.
Males.
1. Eighth abdominal tergite (antepenultimate seg-
ment) with a single, raised, chitinous tubercle
or knob 2
Eighth abdominal tergite with two raised, chiti-
nous tubercles or knobs 4
2. Wingless ; knob on eighth abdominal tergite nar-
row, transverse ; supra-anal processes long,
about as long as the first 7 or 8 segments of the
cerci or tails vivipara
Winged, although the wings may be much ab-
breviated; knob on eighth abdominal tergite
round or nearly so, never transverse ; supra-
anal processes not longer than the first 5 or 6
segments of the cerci 3
3. Knob on eighth abdominal tergite consists of a
continuation of the hind margin of the eighth
tergite, directed backward ; lower sheath of su-
pra-anal process notched on each side before
the apex incisura
Knob on eighth abdominal tergite placed before
the hind margin of the eighth tergite, not di-
rected backwards ; lower sheath of supra-anal
process not notched before the apex recta
4. Tubercles on eighth abdominal tergite blunt and
placed before the hind margin of the eighth
tergite ; upper part of supra-anal process with a
bulbous enlargement at the tip pygmaea
Tubercles on eighth abdominal tergite pointed,
continuous with the hind margin of eighth ter-
gite, directed backward ; beneath each of the
larger tubercles is a small tubercle ; upper part
of supra-anal process not with a bulbous en-
largement at the tip granulata
Capnella granulata Claassen.
(Plate 47; figs. 3, 5; plate 50, figs. 6, 7.)
1924. Capnella granulata Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:44.
Length to tip of wings, male, 3-3.5 mm. ; female, 6-7
mm. Expanse, male, 4-5 mm. ; female, 11-12.5 mm.
Length to tip of abdomen, male, 5-6 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish. Head a little
wider than prothorax ; lateral tubercles large, flat, pol-
ished; head covered with rather long whitish pile; ocelli
274 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
small ; hind ocelli nearly three times as close to eyes as to
each other. Antennae dark brown, with about 30 seg-
ments. Prothorax wider than long, rather coarsely punc-
tuate ; slightly rugose ; front angles very broadly rounded,
hind angles narrowly rounded; slightly narrowed behind.
Legs brown. Wings of male short, not reaching over
more than two or three abdominal segments ; wings of fe-
male as long or little longer than abdomen ; wings uni-
formly subhyaline; veins heavy and dark. Sc reaches to
a point about half way between the origin of Rs and the
cord ; anal field of hind wing nearly as long as the entire
wing. Abdomen brown. Cerci brown, composed of 15-17
segments.
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite raised into a rearward
pointing process which is bifid at the tip so as to form two
granulate tubercles ; each of these tubercles with a small-
er tubercle below; supra-anal process modified into a
double recurved process, the upper part chitinous, elbowed
at the middle, at the tip enlarged, and above with a me-
dian groove ; the lower part in the form of a hollowed out
sheath with a notch on the lateral margin before the tip ;
subanal lobes terminating in short upcurved spine-like
processes ; ninth sternite slightly produced into an evenly
rounded subgenital plate.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite not distinctly pro-
duced into a subgenital plate.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, Mar.
14, 1908, Johnstown, N. Y. (Cornell University Collec-
tion) ; many males and females, Mar. 14, 1908, Johnstown,
N. Y. ; males and females, Fulton Co., N. Y. (C. P. Alex-
ander) ; one male, March 1, 1902, Washington, D. C. (H.
S. Barber) ; males and females, Feb. 12, 1906, near Em-
barras R. Coles Co., 111. ; males and females, March 3, 1903,
Plummer's Island, Maryland; males and females, March
25, 1920, Adams Center, N. Y. (P. W. Claassen).
Capnella recta Claassen.
(Plate 50, figs. 8, 0.)
1924. Capnella recta Claassen, ('an. Ent., 5fi:44.
Length to tip of wings, male, 3-4 mm. ; female, 5-6 mm.
Expanse, male, 4-6 mm. ; female, 7-8.5 mm. Length to tip
of abdomen, 6 , 4-5 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish. Head dark brown,
smooth, wider than prothorax ; hind ocelli about twice as
close to eyes as to each other.
Prothorax brown, a little wider than long, somewhat
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 275
widened behind ; angles narrowly rounded ; surface slight-
ly rugose. Legs brown. Wings of male abbreviated,
reaching only about half the length of abdomen in some
males, while in others they reach nearly to the tip of the
abdomen; wings of female reach almost to tip of abdo-
men; venation very irregular; anal field of hind wings
nearly as long as wing. Abdomen brown (last two or
three segments blackish in male)j cerci composed of
about 15 segments.
Male. Just before the raised hind margin of eighth
abdominal tergite occurs a black, blunt rounded tubercle,
finely granulate above and directed cephalad; supra-anal
process recurved, short and divided into two parts, the
upper flat, heavily chitinized, bluntly rounded at tip and
above, closely beset with short hairs, the lower process
in the form of a hollowed out sheath with an enlarged
bulbous tip and without any notches on the margin ; ninth
tergite with a depressed membranous area, tenth tergite
bifid; ninth sternite slightly produced and evenly
rounded ; subanal lobes triangular, ending in short spine-
like processes.
Female. Eighth abdominal sternite unmodified.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, March
16, Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University Collection) ; many
species, mostly males, Ithaca, March ; two males, Inter-
laken, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1912; one male, two females, Feb.
16, 1907, Dedham, Mass. (G. M. Allen) .
Capnella incisura Claassen.
(Plate 50, figs. 10, 11.)
1924. Capnella incisura Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:45.
Length to tip of wings, male, 3 mm. ; female, 5-5.5 mm.
Expanse, male, 4 mm. ; female, 8-8.5 mm. Length to tip
of abdomen, male, 3.4 mm. ; female, 5 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish. Head wider than
prothorax ; dark brown ; occiput with longitudinal darker
lines ; hind ocelli at least three times as close to eyes as to
each other. Antennae with about 22-25 segments. Pro-
thorax quadrangular, slightly widened behind ; angles
rounded ; surface nearly smooth. Legs brown. Wings of
male reaching over one-half to two-thirds of abdomen, of
female as long or slightly longer than abdomen ; anal field
of hind wings nearly as long as rest of wing. Abdomen of
female above with a broad median light longitudinal band
which extends to the hind margin of the eighth tergite ;
tergites nine and ten evenly chitinized ; male abdomen
27(3 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
without a longitudinal stripe ; cerci brown, with about 13-
15 segments.
Male. Hind margin of the eighth abdominal tergite
raised into a single rearward pointing blunt tubercle ; ter-
gites 9 and 10 with a broad median groove or depression
into which the supra-anal process fits; this process re-
curved, divided into two parts, the upper flattened, blunt-
ly pointed, the lower in the form of a hollowed out sheath
with a narrow notch on the margin just before the
bulbous enlargement; ninth abdominal sternite slightly
produced and evenly rounded behind ; subanal lobes ter-
minating in short upcurved sharp processes.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite not
produced into a subgenital plate ; the middle field of the
eighth sternite depressed, with two longitudinal out-
curved dark lines.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, March
15, 1907, Ithaca, N. Y. (Cornell University Collection) ;
many males and females, March 3-30, Ithaca, N. Y. ; four
males, four females, March 12, Orono, Me. ; males and fe-
males, March 20, 1924, Harmony, Col. Co., Nova Scotia
(W. H. Brittain).
Capnella vivipara Claassen.
(Plate 50, figs. 4, 5.)
1924. Capnella vivipara Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:46.
Length to tip of abdomen, male, 4.5-6.5 mm.; female,
7-8 mm. Expanse, female, 5-7 mm.
General color brown. Head brown, slightly wider than
prothorax; surface covered with fine pile; occiput some-
what rugulose ; hind ocelli at least twice as close to eyes
as to each other ; antennae brown, darker toward the tip.
Prothorax brown, slightly wider than long, somewhat
widened posteriorly ; angles rounded ; surface slightly ru-
gose. Legs brown ; wings absent in the males ; very short
in the female, not reaching half the length of abdomen.
Abdomen brown, somewhat darker toward the tip; cerci
brown, composed of about 15 segments.
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite with a black, narrow,
transverse, raised tubercle before the hind margin ; supra-
anal process recurved, long, divided into two parts, the
upper angulate, heavily chitinized and at the tip enlarged,
the lower in the form of a hollowed out sheath, enlarged
towards the tip and with a broad notch on the margin be-
fore the tip ; subanal lobes triangular, upcurved and end-
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 277
ing in sharp points ; ninth sternite slightly produced and
evenly rounded.
Female. Hind margin of eighth abdominal sternite not
produced into a subgenital plate.
Distribution. — Holotype, male, allotype, female, April
30, Lake Forest, 111. (Cornell University Collection)
many females and one male, Apr. 30, Lake Forest, 111.
many males and several females, March 16, Ithaca, N
Y. ; two males, one female, March 7, 1908, Ithaca, N. Y.
two males, six females, April 7, Columbia, Mo. (C. R.
Crosby) ; four males, eight females, March 21, 1920, Bluff
Point, N. Y. ; three males, Feb. 9, 1919, Salineville, Ohio.
Capnella pygmaea Burmeister.
(Plate 47, figs, l, 8; plate 50, figs. 1-3.)
]839. Semblis pygmaea Burmeister, Handb., 2:87-4.
1841. Cupula pygmaea Pietet, Perlides, p. 324.
1842. Captiia pygmaea Pietet, Ins. Neurop., p. 324.
1852. Capnia pygmaea Walker, Cat., p. 175.
1861. Capnia pygmaea Eagen, Syn. Neurop. N. A., p. 32.
1869. Capnia pygmaea Bethune, Can. Ent., 1:81.
1876. Capnia pygmaea Provancher, Nat. Cand., 8:125-127.
1892. Capnia pygmaea Banks, Cat., p. 342.
1904. Capnia pygmaea Banks, Proe. Ent. Soe. Wash., 6:205.
1907. Capnia pygmaea Tucker, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 4:7S.
1907. Capnia pygmaea Banks, Cat. Neurop., p. 15.
1924. Capnella pygmaea Claassen, Can. Ent., 56:43.
Length to tip of wings, male, 3-3.5 mm. ; female, 6-7.5
mm. Expanse, male, 4-4.5 mm. ; female, 8.5-12 mm.
General color dark brown to blackish. Head blackish,
wider than prothorax', quite smooth, occiput with faint
longitudinal darker lines ; hind ocelli about twice as close
to eyes as to each other. Antennae blackish, with about
26-28 segments. Prothorax a little wider than long, wid-
ened behind, lightly rugose ; angles rounded. Legs brown.
Wings of male short, generally not reaching beyond the
fourth abdominal segment, although some of the males
are long winged; wings of female reaching to about the
tip of abdomen. Abdomen of female with a broad light
median longitudinal band extending to the hind margin of
segment eight ; tergites nine and ten evenly chitinized ;
male abdomen without longitudinal band. Tails blackish,
with about 15 segments.
Male. Eighth abdominal tergite raised into a dou-
ble pointed tubercle ; tergites 9 and 10 with a broad
median groove or depression into which the supra-anal
process fits ; the process is recurved, long, and divided into
two parts, the upper angulate dorsally, deeply grooved,
278 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
with a slightly enlarged bulb at the tip, the lower in the
form of a hollowed out sheath with even margins; sub-
genital plate short, somewhat triangular behind ; subanal
lobes terminating in short, upcurved spines.
Female. Eighth sternite hardly produced into a sub-
genital plate ; a narrow, transverse black line between the
seventh and eighth sternite and usually the hind margin
of the eighth sternite is more heavily chitinized.
Distribution. — The male type of Burmeister from Penn-
sylvania is in the Zoological Museum, Halle, Germany. We
have examined specimens from Maine, Waldeboro, March-
May (J. N. Lovell) ; New Hampshire, Jeffrey, March 14,
1917 (C. W. Johnson); Mass., Methuen, April 3; New
York, Ithaca, Feb. -April ; McLean, May 9; Northville,
Hamilton Co., April 27, 1923 ; Staten Island, Feb. 12 ; Mos-
holu, March 28; Pike, May 13 and April 2; Maryland,
Cabin John Bridge, Feb. 26 and March 12 (R. C. Shan-
non) ; Plummer's Island, Feb. 23 (W. V. Warner) ; Dis-
trict of Columbia, Washington, Feb. 9, 1913 (Alex. Wet-
more) ; March 1, 1902 (H. S. Barber) ; Virginia, Dead
Run, Fairfax Co., Feb. 24 (H. S. Barber).
Through the courtesy of Dr. Walther Horn of the Berlin
Zoological Museum, we have had the opportunity of ex-
amining Burmeister's types of this species. One of the
two males which Burmeister ascribed to this species is
Capnella recta Clsn. ; the other specimen agrees exactly
with his original description and undoubtedly is the type.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 279
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Note. — We have not aimed at completeness for the world fauna
but only for North America north of Mexico. Important papers
dealing with the difficult species of Nemouridae after the modern
method, written by such excellent students of the European fauna
as Morton, Ris and Kempny, we have not included, though one who
studies this group in America should be acquainted with them. We
have cited a few general papers on exotic forms because they con-
tain material relevant to the study of American forms — papers by
Imhof, Lauterborn, Ris, Okamoto and Tillyard.
Banks, N. 1892. A Synopsis, Catalogue and Bibliography
of the Neuropteroid Insects of Temperate North
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 19:327-374.
1894. On a Collection of Neuropteroid Insects from
Kansas. Ent. News, 5:178-9.
1894. New Neuropteroid Insects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 21:313.
1895. New Neuropteroid Insects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 22:313-316.
1898. Descriptions of New North American Neurop-
teroid Insects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 25:199-218.
1900. New Genera and Species of Nearctic Neurop-
teroid Insects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 26:239-259.
1902. Notes and Descriptions of Perlidae.
Canad. Ent., 34:123-125.
1903. Neuroptera of the Hudsonian Zone in New
Mexico.
Psyche, 9:124.
1904. A List of the Neuropteroid Insects, exclusive
of Odonata from the Vicinity of Washington.
Proc Ent. Soc. Wash., 4:201-217, 1 pi.
1905. Neuropteroids.
Invertebrata Paciflca, 1 :87-90.
1905. Descriptions of New Species of Neuropterous
Insects from the Black Mountains, N. C.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 21 :215-218.
1905. New Genera and Species of Perlidae.
Psyche, 11 :55-57, 2 figs.
1905. Descriptions of New Nearctic Neuropteroid In-
sects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 32:1-20, 2 pis.
280 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
1905. Descriptions of New Species of Neurop-
terous Insects from the Black Mountains, N. C.
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21:215-218.
1905. New Genera and Species of Perlidae.
Psyche, 12:55-57.
1906. Notes on the Classification of the Perlidae.
Canad. Ent., 38:221-224.
1906. New Species of Perlidae.
Canad. Ent., 38:335-338.
1906. Notes on Pteronarcys, a Genus of Perlidae.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 8:8-9, 1 fig.
1907. A List of Perlidae from British Columbia and
Can. Ent., 39:325-330, 3 figs.
1907. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects
(except Odonata) of the U. S.
Philadelphia, pp. 1-53.
1908. Some Trichoptera and Allied Insects from
Newfoundland.
Psyche, 15:61-66.
1908. A List of Neuropteroid Insects from North
Carolina.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 9:149-156.
1908. Neuropteroid Insects — Notes and Descriptions.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 34:255-267.
1911. Descriptions of New Species of North Ameri-
can Neuropteroid Insects.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 37:335-337.
1914. New Neuropteroid Insects Native and Exotic.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 608-632, 1 pi.
1918. The Neuropteroid Insects of the Ca-
nadian Arctic Expedition.
Rept. Canad. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. 3, 2 pp.,
lpl.
1918. New Neuropteroid Insects.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62 :3-22, 2 pis.
1920. New Neuropteroid Insects.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64:299-362, 7 pis.
Burmeister, H. 1839. Handbuch der Entomologie, II, part
1, Berlin.
Claassen, P. W. 1923. New Species of North American
Plecoptera.
Canad. Ent., 55:257-263 and 281-292, 3 pis.
1924. New Species of North American Capniidae
(Plecoptera).
Canad. Ent., 56:43-48 and 54-57.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 281
Comstock, J. H. 1918.
Plecoptera, in The Wings of Insects, pp. 243-255.
Comstock and Needham, 1898. The Wings of Insects:
Plecoptera.
Amer. Nat., 32 :43-48 and 237-240.
Crampton, G. C. 1918. A phylogenetic Study of the Ter-
minal Abdominal Structures and Genitalia of
Apterygota, Ephemerida, Odonata, Plecoptera,
Neuroptera, Orthoptera and their Allies.
Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc, 13:49-68.
1920. Remarks on the Basic Plan of the Terminal
Abdominal Structures of the Males of Winged
Insects.
Can. Ent., 52:178-183.
Enderlein, G. 1909. Klassification der Plecopteren sowie
Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten.
Zool. Anz., 34:385-419.
Fitch, A. 1847. Winter Insects of Eastern New York.
Emmons' Jour, of Agr. and Science, 5 :274.
Garman, H. 1912. A Preliminary Study of Kentucky Lo-
calities where Pellagra is present.
Ky. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bull., 159.
Gerstaecker, A. 1873. Zur Morphologie der Orthoptera
amphibiotica, pp. 39-74, 1 pi.
Festschr. 100 jahr. Besteh. Ges. Naturf. Freunde
Berlin, pp. 39-59.
Hagen, H. A. 1850. Uebersicht der neueren Literatur
betreffend die Neuroptera Linne.
Stett. Ent. Zeit., 11:67-83.
1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
1863. Abbott's Handzeichnungen im Britischen
Museum und die Neuropteren Georgiens.
Stett. Ent. Zeit., 24:369-371.
1873. Report on the Pseudoneuroptera, etc., in the
collection of the late Theo. W. Harris.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 15:263-301.
1875. Report on the Pseudo-Neuroptera and Neurop-
tera collected by Lieut. W. J. Carpenter in 1873
in Colorado.
Bull. Geol. Survey. Terr., pp. 571-606.
1877. Beitrage zur Kenntniss von Pteronarcys.
Stett. Ent. Zeit., 38:477-489.
Imhof, O. E. 1881. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Pcrla maxi-
ma Scopoli.
Inaug. Dissert., 41 pp., 2 pis.
282 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Kathariner, Ludwig. 1901. Zur Biologie von Pcrla maxima
Scop.
Allg. Zeit. Ent., 6:258-260.
Klapalek, Fr. 1896. Ueber die Geschlechtstheile der Ple-
copteren, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die Mor-
phologie der Genitalanhange.
Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 105:1-56.
1907. Uber die Arten der unterfamilie Perlinae aus
Japan.
Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme, pp. 1-18.
— —1909. Revision der Gattung Acroneuria Pict.
Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme, pp. 1-14 of re-
print.
1912. Plecopteres I. Fam. Perlodidae.
Coll. Zool. de Selys, Fasc. IV.
1913. Bemerkungen zur Flugeladerung der Plecop-
teren.
Entomol. Mitteil., 2:228-230.
1921. Plecopteres noveaux.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 61 :57-67 et 146-150.
1923. Plecoptera II. Fam. Perlidae.
Coll. Zool. de Selys, Fasc. IV2.
Lestage, J. A. 1919. Etudes sur la Biologie des Plecop-
teres.
Ann. Biol. Lacustre, 9:257-268, et 10:1-32, et
12:335-379.
Nakahara, W. 1919. A Study of the Chromosomes in the
Spermatogenesis of the Stonefly, Pcrla immargi-
nata Say, with special reference to the questions
of Synapsis.
Jour. Morphol., 32 :509-522, 3 pis.
Needham, J. G. 1901. Plecoptera: in Aquatic Insects of
the Adirondacks.
N. Y. State Mus. Bull., 47:412-418.
1892. Directions for Collecting and Rearing Dragon-
flies, Stoneflies and Mayflies.
Part O, Bull. U. S. Nat'l. Mus., 39, pp. 2-9.
1905. New Genera and Species of Perlidae.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18:107-110.
1908. Neuropteroid Insects from Isle Royale, Michi-
gan.
1908. Rept. Geol. Survey of Michigan. Plecoptera,
pp. 306-7.
1908. Notes on the Aquatic Insects of Walnut Lake.
Rept. Geol. Surv. Mich, for 1907, p. 262.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 283
1918. Aquatic Insects.
Ward & Whipple's American Freshwater Biology,
pp. 876-946.
Needham, J. G. and Smith, Lucy W. 1916. The Stoneflies
of the Genus Peltoperla.
Canad. Ent, 48:80-88, 1 pi.
Needham, J. G. and Claassen, P. W. 1922. The North
American Species of the Genus Acroneuria.
Canad. Ent., 54:249-255.
Newcomer, E. J. 1918. Some Stoneflies Injurious to Vege-
tation.
Jour. Agr. Research, 13:37-41, 1 pi.
Newman, Edw. 1838. Entomological Notes : Perlites.
Entom. Mag., 5:175-178.
Newport, G. 1843. On the Existence of Branchiae in the
Perfect State of a Neuropterous Insect, Pteronar-
cys rcgalis, etc.
Ann. Nat. Hist., 13:21-25.
1844. On the Existence of Branchiae in the perfect
state of a Neuropterous Insect. Pteronarcys rcgalis
Newman, etc.
Ann. Nat. Hist., 13:21-25, 181-188.
1848. On the Anatomy and Affinities of Pteronar-
cys, etc.
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 20:425-452, 1 pi.
Okamoto, H. 1912. Erste Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ja-
panischen Plecopteren.
Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 4:105-170.
1922. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Japanischen
Plecopteren.
Bull. Agl. Exp. Sta. Chosen, 1:1-46, 6 pis.
Packard, A. S., Jr. 1883. Systematic Position of the Or-
thoptera in Relation to Other Orders of Insects :
Pseudoneuroptera.
Third Rept. U. S. Entom. Coram., pp. 290-293, Pis.
39, 40 and 44.
Pictet, F. J. 1842. Histoire Naturelle, etc., des Insectes
Neuropteres: Perlides.
Geneva : 2 vols., 432 pp. and 52 pis.
Rambur, P. 1842. Histoire Naturelle des Neuropteres.
Ris, Fr. 1913. Bemerkungen zur Morphologie der Perli-
den.
Entomol. Mitteil, 2:178-185.
Samal, J. 1923. Etude Morphologie et Biologie de Pcrla ab-
dominal is Burmeister.
Ann. Biol. Lacustre, 12:229-272.
284 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Say, Th. 1823. Descriptions of Insects Belonging to the
order Neuroptera, etc.
Western Quart. Rept., 2:164-165. Reprinted by
Ord, 1:174-5.
Smith, Lucy W. 1913. The Biology of Perla immarginata
Say.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 6:203-211, 1 pi.
1917. Studies on North American Plecoptera (Pter-
onarcinae and Perlodini).
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 43 :433-489, 5 pis.
Tillyard, R. J. 1923. The Stoneflies of New Zealand, etc.
Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 54:197-217.
1921. A New Classification of the order Perlaria.
Canad. Ent., 53:35-43.
Tucker, E. S. 1907. Some Results of Desultory Collecting
of Insects in Kansas and Colorado.
Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull., Vol. 4: Plecoptera, p. 78.
Walker, E. M. 1919. The Terminal Abdominal Structures
of Orthoperoid Insects. A Phylogenetic Study.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 12:267-316.
Walker, F. 1852. Catalogue of the Neuropterous Insects
in the British Museum, Part I.
Walsh, B. D. 1862. List of the Pseudoneuroptera of Illi-
nois, etc.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 361-402.
1863. Notes and descriptions of about twenty new
North American species of Pseudoneuroptera.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pp. 182-271.
1866. Note on Taeniopteryx fasciata.
Practical Entomologist 2:73.
Wu, C. F. 1923. Morphology, Anatomy and Ethology of
Nemoura.
Bull. Lloyd Library, 23:1-81, 16 pis.
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286
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
LIST OF THE SPECIES HEREIN TREATED
arranged under the subgenera heretofore proposed in so far as we
have been able to recognize such groups. To these we have added
a few new names for equivalent groups, all of them alike based on
very small differences, and of little or no taxonomic importance.
Family PTERONARCIDAE
1. Genus Pteronarcys Newman
Subgenus Pteronarcys
1 . P. dorsata Say
regal is Newman
2. P. vol/ His Hagen
pictetii Hagen
3. P. calif omica Newport
4. P. prince ps Banks
Subgenus Allonarcys (nov.)
5. P. proteus Newman
spinosa Banks
6. P. biloba Newman
bicarinatus Provaneher
7. P. comstocki Smith
proteus New-man ( 9 )
2. Genus Pteronarcella Banks
8. P. regularis Hagen
9. P. badia Hagen
torosa Smith
triloba Smith
Family PERLIDAE
3. Genus Perlodes Banks
Dictyopteryx Pictet
Subgenus Perlodes Banks
Protarcys Klapalek
Megarcys Klapalek
Arcynopteryx Klap.
20. P.dolobrata Smith
11. P. bradleyi Smith
12. P. tibialis Banks
13. P. signata Hagen
14. P. yosemite, new species
15. P. irregularis Banks
16. P. slossonae Banks
inornata Smith
1 7. P. lineata Smith
18. P. americana Klapalek
19. P. aurea Smith
20. P. ignota Smith
21. P. minor Klapalek
Subgenus Perlinodes (nov.)
22. P. vagans Smith
4. Genus Isogenus Newman
Nephelion Pictet
23. 7. frontalis Newman
sulcata Provaneher
titusi Banks
incest a Banks
24. 7. elongatus Hagen
25. 7. coin. lirinus Hagen
5. Genus Perla Geoffroy
Subgenus Hemimelaena
Klapalek
26. P.innubilii, new species
27. P. alameda, new species
28. P. crosbyi, new species
29. P. expansa Banks
30. P. postica Walker
31. P. various Walsh
32. P. hastata Banks
33. P. fugitans, newr species
34. P. nona, new species
35. P. aestivalis, new species
36. P. modesta Banks
37. P. vi rticalis Banks
isolata Banks
38. P. tincta, new species
39. P. sorpta, new species
40. P. phalerata Smith
41. P. obscura, new species
42. P. venosa, new species
Subgenus Diploperla (nov.)
43. 7'. duplicate/, Banks
41. 7'. bilobata, new species
Subgenus Neophasganophora
Lestage.
Phasganophora
Klapalek
45. P. capitata Pictet
tristis Hagen
annulipes Hagen
flavescens Walsh
hieroglyphica
Provaneher
marginipes Provaneher
americana Banks
illustris Banks
innota Banks
Subgenus Perla Geoffroy
46. 7'. luctuosa Banks
47. 7'. ramosa, new species
48. P. kansensis Banks
49. P. languida, new species
50. P. sabulosa Banks
Subgenus Togoperla Klapalek
51. V. immarginata Say
fumosa Banks
~>2. 7'. mi ilia Walker
6. Genus Alloperla Banks
53. A. pallid ula Banks
infirma Banks
54. A. marginata Banks
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
287
55. A. pacifica Banks
56. A. lateralis Banks
57. A. novascotiana,
new species
58. A. coloradensis Banks
59. A. lamia, new species
60. A. albertensis,
new species
61. A. continna Banks
62. A. borealis Banks
63. A.fidelis Banks
64. A. spatulata, new species
65. A. signata Banks
66. A.mediana Banks
67. A. lineosa Banks
68. A.pilosa, new species
69. A. serrata, new species
. 70. A. imbecilla Say
71. A. nanina Banks
7. Genus Chloroperla Newman
Isopteryx Pictet
72. C. cydippe Newman
8. Genus Paraperla Banks
73. P. frontalis Banks
9. Genus Kathroperla Banks
74. K. perdita Banks
10. Genus Neoperla Needham
Pseudoperla Banks
Ocbthopetina Enderlein
75. N. clymene Newman
occipitalis Pictet
11. Genus Clioperla, new genus
76. C. similis Hagen
77. C. gravitans, new species
78. C. clio Newman
79. C. annecta, new species
80. C. ebria Hagen
81. C.marmorata, new species
8.2. C. sobria Hagen
83. C. slossonae Banks
12. Genus Isoperla Banks
84. 7. fusca, new species
85. I. minuta Banks
86. I. marlynia, new species
87. I. signata Banks
88. I.ventralis Banks
89. I. bellona Banks
90. I. 5-punctata Banks
91. I. sordida Banks
92. I. marmona Banks
93. I. bilineata Say
94. I. montana Banks
95. I. longiseta Banks
13. Genus Perlesta Banks
96. P. placida Hagen
decipiens Walsh
bruneipennis Walsh
virginica Banks
cinetipes Banks
texana Banks
costalis Klapalek
virginica var. immacu-
lata Klapalek
14. Genus Atoperla Banks
97. A. ephyre Newman
producta Walsh
f umipennis Walsh
15. Genus Perlinella Banks
98. P. drymo Newman
elongata Walsh
trivittata Banks
16. Genus Peltoperla Needham
99. P. conn ha
Needham and Smith
dorothea
Needham and Smith
ada
Needham and Smith
100. P. anna
Needham and Smith
101. P maria
Needham and Smith
102. P. arcuata Needham
103. P.thyra
Needham and Smith
104. P.brevis BanKs
105. P. cor a
Needham and Smith
17. Genus Acroneuria Pictet
Subgenus Acroneuria Pictet
Nosatura Navas*
106. A. abnormis Newman
sonans Newport
107. A. arenosa Pictet
108. A. ruralis Hagen
109. A. pennsylvanica Rambur
110. A.trijuncta Walker
111. A.internata Walker
112. A.arida Hagen
valida Banks
113. A. evoluta Klapalek
114. A. pacifica Banks
nigrita Banks
115. A. pumila Banks
116. A.lycorias Newman
navalis Provancher
exeavata Banks
117. A. carolincn sis Banks
*Mem. Real. Acad. Barce-
lona (2) 14: 339-366. This
paper we have not seen. The
name is placed here because
Perla carolinensis Banks is
cited as type.
288
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
118. A. depressa
Needham and Claassen
119. A. theodora
Needham and Claassen
120. A. californica Banks
eoncolor Banks
Subgenus Croceneuria (nov.)f
121. A. xanthenes Newman
Subgenus Beloneuria (now)
122. A. georgiana Banks
Family NEMOURIDAE
18. Genus Nemoura Latreille
Subgenus Nemoura Latreille
Protonemoura
Kempny
Amphinemoura Ris
Nemourella Kempny
123. N. glabra Claassen
1 24. N. frigida Claassen
125. N. diver gens Claassen
126. N. colnmbiana Claassen
127. N. delicatula Claassen
128. N. bifurcata Claassen
129. N. biloba Claassen .
130. N.flexura Claassen
13.1. N. depressa Banks
132. N. cornuta Claassen
133. N. californica Claassen
134. N. sinuata Wu
135. N. venusta Banks
136. N. venosa Banks
stylata Banks
137. N. coloradensis Banks
138. N. product a Claassen
139. N. cinctipes Banks
•140. N. oregonensis Claassen
141. N. trispinosa Claassen
142. N. similis Hagen
143. N. vallicularia Wu
144. N. carolinensis Claassen
145. N. nevadensis Claassen
146. A7, washingtoniana
Claassen
147. N.inti mi pta Claassen
148. N. trim cat a Claassen
149. N. serrata Claassen
150. N. prolongate! Claassen
151. N. rotunda Claassen
152. N. stigmata Banks
Subgenus Paranemoura (nov.)
153. N. punctipennis Claassen
19. Genus Leuetra Stephens
154. L. augusta Banks
fSee footnote on Eeeoptura Kip.
on page 194, antea.
155. L. biloba Claassen
156. L. bradleyi Claassen
157. L. carolinensis Claassen
158. L.decepta Claassen
159. L. duplicata Claassen
160. L. glabra Claassen
161. L. grandis Banks
162. L.hamula Claassen
163. L. infuscata Claassen
164. L. occidental is Banks
165. L. sibleyi Claassen
166. L.temiis Pictet
167. L. triloba Claassen
168. L. truncata Claassen
20. Genus Perlomyia Banks
169. P.collaris Banks
170. P.utahensis, new species
21. Genus Taeniopteryx Pictet
Subgenus Nepkelopteryx
Klapalek
171. T.maura Pictet
172. T. nivalis Fitch
173. T.parvula Banks
174. T. contorta, new species
Subgenus Rhabdiopteryx
Klapalek
1 75. T. fasciata Burmeister
frigida Hagen
Subgenus Taeniopteryx Pictet
Taenionema Banks
176. T. nigripennis Banks
177. T. pacifica Banks
analis Banks
178. T. californica, new species
179. T.grinnelli Banks
180. T. banksii, new name
pallida Banks (partim)
181. T. pallida Banks
Subgenus Doddsia (nov.)
182. T. Occident alis Banks
Family CAPNIIDAE
22. Genus Capnia Pictet
Arsapnia Banks
Subgenus Eucapnopsis Okamoto
183. C.vernalis Newport
tenuis Walker
Subgenus Capnia Pictet
184. C.nana Claassen
185. C. glabra Claassen
186. C. gracilaria Claassen
187. C. grandis Banks
188. C. elongata Claassen
189. C. excavata Claassen
190. C.tumida Claassen
191. C. teresa Claassen
192. C. californica Claassen
193. C. fibula Claassen
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
289
194. C.nearctica Banks
195. C. decepta Banks
196. C. columbiana Claassen
197. C. manitoba Claassen
198. C. barberi Claassen
199. C. bakeri Banks
200. C. brevicauda Claassen
201. C.crinita, new species
23. Genus Capnura Banks
202. C. venosa Banks
24. Genus Capnella Claassen
203. C. granulata Claassen
204. C. recta Claassen
205. C.incisura Claassen
206. C. vivipara Claassen
207. C. pygmaea Burmeister
290 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION BY STATES.
States
— * ~u a — —
« <? -g
.5 .2
L.
Z
U
-
z
c
CD
u
43
o
o
a
u
o
u
£
-
B
a
a
a
gj
H-»
<u
01
-C
a
O
41
:•
91
09
z
Oh
Oh
Oh
"
Oh
<
U
Oh
«
A
O
Oh
<
Oh
Oh
<
A
J
Oh
H
u
CJ
O
H
Ala.
Alaska _
1
1
1
?,
Ariz.
Ark.
Calif. 2
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
2
41
"
4
~
2
6
-
1
1
2
2
4
5
2
2
8
-
Colo. _ . 1
_
1
2
4
7
_
1
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
3
6
2
_
4
2
_
_
35
Conn. 2
1
1
5
Del. 2
3
Fla.
Ga. 1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
15
Idaho _ _
2
2
111. 2
2
1
3
1
1
2
14
Ind.
_
_
_
3
_
_
_
_
1
1
_
1
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
HI
Iowa 2
1
1
1
6
Kan. 2
3
1
3
1
11
Ky. _ 2
2
La.
Me. 2
2
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
2
2
24
Md.
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
16
Mass. 3
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
4
2
23
Mich. 2
3
1
1
2
1
11
Minn. 2
_
2
1
1
1
?,
11
Miss.
1
1
2
Mo. 2
1
1
1
1
1
7
Mont. 1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
1
lfi
Nebr.
1
Nev.
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
10
N. H. 2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
20
N. J. 2
1
1
1
1
1
9
N. M.
2
2
1
1
7
N. Y. 5
1
1
6
5
1
2
1
1
2
5
7
7
3
1
5
56
N. C. 2
8
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
B
4
3
2
35
N. D.
Ohio 2
1
3
1
9
Okla.
Ore. _ 2
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
16
Penn. 2
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
19
R. I. 2
3
S. C. _ - 1
1
S. D.
Tenn. 2
1
1
1
3
1
10
Tex.
1
1
2
5
Utah _ _ 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Vt. 3
1
1
7
Va. 1
2
1
2
1
8
Wash. __ 2
1
3
1
1
4
2
1
3
4
2
4
1
30
W. Va. _ _ 2
3
1
7
Wis. 1
2
1
1
1
?,
1
11
Wyo. 1
1
2
2
3
9
D. C. 2
3
2
2
2
11
Provinces of
Canada
Alberta
1
1
1
3
1
2
?
2
1
1
15
B. C. . 1
1
3
1
6
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
3
27
Man. 1
1
1
1
2-
6
N. B.
N. Sc.
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
8
Ont. 2
1
1
1
1
1
7
Pr. Ed. Is.
Que.
1
2
1
1
2
1
8
Sask. .
1
1
1
3
Yukon
1
1
N. F. _
4
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA
291
PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS
FINDING LIST FOR THE PLATE FIGURES.
Genera Wings Genitalia Eggs Misc.
17 Acroneuria Plates 2, 15, 16 4, 19, 28, 29 6, 30 1* 3f X §
6 Alloperla ___ " 2,14 20,21.22
14 Atoperla " 2, 15 24 24
24 Capnella " 2, 47 50 6
22 Capnia " 2,33,47 48,49
23 Capnura " 47 49
7 Chloroperla " 2, 14 23
11 Clioperla " 11, 12, 13 25
4 Isogenus " 2,11 10 5 1*311
12 Isoperla " 2, 14 25, 26, 27 5 1*
9 Kathroperla " 2, 15 23 1*
19 Leuctra " 2, 32 40, 41, 42, 43
18 Nemoura " 2, 32 34-39
10 Neoperla " 2 24 6, 24
8 Paraperla " 2, 15 23 23
16 Peltoperla " 2, 15 31 5
5 Perla " 2, 11-14 17, 18, 19, 25 5, 6, 17-19 1* 3H
13 Perlesta " '2,15 24 24
15 Perlinella "2 24 5 1*
3 Perlodes " 2,9 4,7,9,10 6 1*
20 Perlomyia " 32 43
2 Pteronarcella "2 7, 8 5, 8
1 Pteronarcys "2 7 5
21 Taeniopteryx " 2,33 44,45,46 3f
*Head and prothorax ^Antennae
tMouthparts "JTails
tFoot
The order of treatment in the text is shown by the figures in the left hand
column.
292 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1
Fig.
2
Fig.
3
Fig.
4
Fig.
5
Fig.
6
Fig.
7
Fig.
8
Fig.
9
Fig.
10
Fig.
11
Fig.
12
PLATE 1.
Head and Prothorax of Plecoptera.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks.
Acroneuria ruralis Hag.
Acroneuria abvormis Newm.
Isogenus frontalis Newm.
Acroneuria lycorias Newm.
Isoperla montana Bks.
Pcrlodes tibialis Bks.
Acroneuria carolinensis Bks.
Perla immarginata Say
Perlinella dry mo Newm.
Kathroperla perdita Bks.
Perla luetuosa Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
293
PLATE 1.
294< THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 2.
Wings of Plecoptera.
Fig. 1. Pteronareys.
Fig. 2. Pteronarcella.
Fig. 3. Perlodes.
Fig. 4. Acroneuria.
Fig. 5. Isogenus.
Fig. 6. Kathroperla.
Fig. 7. Perla.
Fig. 8. Perlesta.
Fig. 9. Peltoperla.
Fig. 10. Perlinella.
Fig. 11. Atoperla.
Fig. 12. Neoperla.
Fig, 13. Paraperla.
Fig. 14. Isoperla.
Fig. 15. Alloperla.
Fig. 16. Chloroperla.
Fig. 17. Nemoura.
Fig. 18. Taeniopteryx.
Fig. 19. Capnella.
Fig. 20. Capnia.
Fig. 21. Leuctra.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 295
PLATE 2.
„ 21 <-euct
290 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 3.
Appendages of Plecoptera.
Fig. 1. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., maxilla.
Fig. 2. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., labium.
Fig. 3. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., mandible.
Fig. 4. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., antenna.
Fig. 5. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., middle leg.
Fig. 6. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., front foot.
Fig. 7. Taeniopteryx ruralis Fitch, mandible.
Fig. 8. Taeniopteryx ruralis Fitch, maxillary palpus.
Fig. 9. Perla phalerata Smith, portion of tail.
Fig. 10. I so genus colubrinus Hag., portion of tail.
Fig. 11. Perla ramosa sp. nov., portion of tail.
Drawings by Miss Theresa M. Bobinson.
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 297
PLATE 3.
298 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
PLATE 4.
Genitalia of Plecoptera.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict., end of abdomen of $ , dorsal view.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict., end of abdomen of $ , ventral view.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict., end of abdomen of $ , lateral view.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict., end of abdomen of $ , ventral view:
gh, genital hooks; h, hammer; e, eggs.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict., a genital hook removed, and enlarged.
Perlodes signata Hag., end of abdomen of $ , lateral view, with
supra-anal process (s) elevated and penis protruded; the
segments are numbered 7, 8, 9 and 10; t, tail; l.s. lateral
stylet of the supra-anal process; tl. titillator of the penis.
Fig. 7. The detached 9th segment of the same.
Fig. 8. The detached 10th segment of the same.
Fig. 9. The detached supra-anal process of the same, b, the basal mid-
dorsal attachment plate; Is, lateral stylet; m, membranous
flap.
Fig. 10. The detached subanal plate (sub. a) bearing the tail (/.).
Fig. 11. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., end of abdomen, lateral view.
Fig. 12. Acroneuria pacifica Bks., with penis protruded.
The Acroneuria drawings are by Miss M. J. Fisher.
The Perlodes drawings are bv Miss Hazel E. Branch.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 290
PLATE 4.
300 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13.
Fig.
14.
Fig.
15.
Fig.
16.
PLATE 5.
Eggs of Plecoptera.
Ptcronarcys dorsata Say, lateral view.
Pteronarcys dorsata Say, lateral view.
Pteronarcys dorsata Say, cap.
Pteronarcys dorsata Say, top view.
Pcltopcrla arcuata Ndm., lateral view.
PeltoperJa arcuata Ndm., minute structure, a detail of the
surface.
1 so genus colubrinus Hag.
Isogenus frontalis Newm.
Perla expansa Bks.
Pteronarcella regularis Hag., lateral view.
Pteronarcella regularis Hag., cap from under side.
Isoperla bilineata Say, lateral view.
Isoperla bilineata Say, minute structure, a detail of the surface.
Perlinella drymo Newm., lateral view.
Perlinella drymo Newm., lateral view of cap.
Perlinella drymo Newm., top view of cap.
Drawings by Miss Theresa McConnell.
PLECOPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA 301
PLATE 5.
302 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13.
Fig.
14.
PLATE 6.
Eggs of Plecoptera.
Perla media Walk., lateral view of egg.
Perla media Walk., lateral view of egg, cap extended.
Perla media Walk., a detail of the surface of same.
Perla sp.? (Los Angeles, Calif.).
Perla sp.? Another view.
Acroneuria lycqrias Newm., lateral view of egg.
Acroneuria lycorias Newm., lateral view of egg, with cap
everted.
Perlodes sp. ? (Wyoming).
Capnella vivipara Clsn., soft-shelled egg from ovary, containing
embryo.
Anacroneuria sp.? (from Argentina).
Neoperla clymene Newm., lateral view of egg.
Neoperla sp.? detail of lower end of same.
Perla various Walsh, lateral view of egg.
Perla varians Walsh, diagram of cross-section of same.
Drawings by Miss Theresa McConnell.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
303
PLATE 6.
304 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 7.
Genitalia of Pteronarcys, Pteronarcella and Perlodes.
Fig. 1. Pteronarcys dorsata Say $, side view.
Fig. 2. Pteronarcys dorsata Say 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Pteronarcys nobilis Hag. $ , side view.
Fig. 4. Pteronarcys nobilis Hag. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 5. Pteronarcys calif omica Newp. $ , side view.
Fig. 6. Pteronarcys calif omica Newp. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Pteronarcys princeps Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 8. Pteronarcys princeps Bks. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 9. Pteronarcys biloba Newm. $ , side view.
Fig. 10. Pteronarcys biloba Newm. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Pteronarcys proteus Newm. $, side view.
Fig. 12. Pteronarcys proteus Newm. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 13. Pteronarcys comstocki Smith 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 14. Pteronarcella badia Hag. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Pteronarcella regularis Hag., $, dorsal view.
Fig. 16. Pteronarcella badia Hag. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 17. Pteronarcella badia 9, ventral view.
Fig. 18. Perlodes lineata Smith 9> ventral view.
Fig. 19. Perlodes slossonae Bks. 9j ventral view.
Fig. 20. Perlodes yosemite sp. nov. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 21. Perlodes americana Klap. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 22. Perlodes ignota Smith 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 23. Perlodes aurea Smith 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 24. Perlodes irregularis Bks. 9 , ventral view.
All except figs. 20 and 24, after Lucy W. Smith.
PLECOPTEKA OE NORTH AMERICA 305
PLATE 7.
306 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 8.
Genitalia of Pteronareella.
Fig. 1. Pteronareella badia Hag. $, dorsal view, normal position.
Fig. 2. Pteronareella badia Hag. $ , some of the internal genitalia ex-
posed.
Fig. 3. Pterornarcella regularis Hag. $, some of the internal genitalia
posed.
Fig. 4. Pteronareella regularis Hag. $ , dorsal view, normal position.
Fig. 5. Pteronareella regularis Hag. $, ventral view.
Fig. 6. Pteronareella badia Hag. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Pteronareella badia Hag. egg.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
307
PLATE 8.
308 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 9.
Wings and Genitalia of Perlodes.
Fig. 1. Perlodes dolobrata Smith ?.
Fig. 2. Perlodes vagans Smith $ .
Fig. 3. Perlodes signata Hag. 5 •
Fig. 4. Perlodes bradleyi Smith.
Fig. 5. Perlodes bradleyi Smith ? , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Perlodes dolobrata Smith $, ventral view.
Fig. 7. Perlodes signata Hag. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Perlodes signata Hag. 5 , ventral view.
After Lucy W. Smith.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 309
310 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 10.
Genitalia of Perlodes and Isogenus.
Fig. 1. Perlodes signata Hag. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Perlodes vagans Smith. $ side view.
Fig. 3. Perlodes signata Hag. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Perlodes bradleyi Smith. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 5. Perlodes americana Klap. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 6. Perlodes signata Hag. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 7. Perlodes irregularis Bks. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 8. Perlodes yosemite sp. nov. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 9. Perlodes vagans Smith. $ genital hook on tenth abdominal
tergite.
Fig. 10. Isogenus frontalis Newm. $, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Isogenus colubrinus Hag. $, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Isogenus elongatus Hag. $, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Isogenus frontalis Newm. $, dorsal view, penis retracted.
Fig. 14. Isogenus frontalis Newm. $, dorsal view, penis extruded.
Fig. 15. Isogenus frontalis Newm. $ , side view.
Fig. 16. Isogenus frontalis Newm. $ supra-anal process and lateral
stylets.
Fig. 17. Isogenus elongatus Hag. $ supra-anal process and lateral
stylets.
Fig. 18. Isogenus colubrinus Hag. $ supra-anal process and lateral
stylets.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 311
PLATE 10.
312 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 11.
Wings of Isogenus, Perla and Clioperla.
Fig. 1. Isogenus frontalis Newm.
Fig. 2. Perla hastata Bks.
Fig. 3. Perla postica Walk.
Fig. 4. Perla crosoyi sp. nov.
Fig. 5. Isogenus colubrinus Hag.
Fig. 6. Clioperla gravitans sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Perla expansa Bks.
Fig. 8. Perla venosa sp. nov.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 313
PLATE 11.
314 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 12.
Wings of Perla and Clioperla.
Fig. 1. Perla modesta Bks.
Fig. 2. . Perla alameda sp. nov.
Fig. 3. Clioperla clio Newm.
Fig. 4. Perla sorpta sp. nov.
Fig. 5. Clioperla annecta sp. nov.
Fig. 6. Perla innubila sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Perla fugitans sp. nov.
Fig. 8. Perla luetuosa Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 315
PLATE 12.
316 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 13.
Wings of Perla.
Fig. 1. Perla ramosa, sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Perla immarginata Say
Fig. 3. Perla media Walk.
Fig. 4. Perla sabulosa Bks.
Fig. 5. Perla languida sp. nov. $
Fig. 6. Clioperla marmorata sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Perla languida sp. nov. brachypterous $
Fig. 8. Perla capitata Pict.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 317
PLATE 13.
318 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 14.
Wings of Perlidae.
Fig. 1. Alloperla borealis Bks.
Fig. 2. Isoperla bilineata Say.
Fig. 3. Perla tincta sp no v.
Fig. 4. Alloperla lamia sp. nov.
Fig. 5. Perla aestivalis sp. nov.
Fig. 6. Chloroperla cydip'pe Newm.
Fig. 7. Perla bilobata sp. nov.
Fig. 8. Perla verticalis Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 319
PLATE 14.
320 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 15.
Wings of Perlidae.
Fig. 1. Pelioperla brevis Bks.
Fig. 2. Peltoperla thyra Ndm. & Sm.
Fig. 3. Atoperla ephyre Newm.
Fig. 4. Acroneuria georgiana Bks.
Fig. 5. Peltoperla anna Ndm. & Sm.
Fig. 6. Kathroperla pcrdita Bks.
Fig. 7. Perlesta placida Hag.
Fig. 8. Paraperla frontalis Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 321
PLATE 15.
322 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
PLATE 16.
Wings of Acroneuria.
Acroneuria dbnormis Newm.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks.
Acroneuria depressa Ndm. & Clsn.
Acroneuria arida Hag.
Acroneuria internata Walk.
Acroneuria ruralis Hag.
Acroneuria pennsylvanica Bamb.
Acroneuria theodora Ndm. & Clsn.
Acroneuria xanthenes Newm.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 323
PLATE 16.
324 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 17.
Genitalia of Perla
Fig. 1. Perla hastat a Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Perla hastata Bks. 5, side view, penis extruded.
Fig. 3. Perla hastata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Perla expansa Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 5. Pr /'/<( expansa Bks. <$ , dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Perla expansa Bks. $ , showing the 7th abdominal sternite.
Fig. 7. Perla erosbyi sp. now $ , side view.
Fig. 8. Perla erosbyi sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Perla phalerata Smith $ , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Perla phalerata Smith, egg.
Fig. 11. Perla varians Walsh $, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Perla varians Walsh $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Perla fugitans sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Perla fugitans sp. nov. $ , supra-anal process.
Fig. 15. Perla tincta sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 16. Perla modesta Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 17. Perla modesta Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 18. Perla modesta Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 19. Perla modesta Bks. $, showing the 7th abdominal sternite.
Fig. 20. Perla innubila sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 21. Perla nona sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA 325
PLATE 17.
320 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 18.
Genitalia of Perla.
Fig. 1. Perla bilobata sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 2. Perla bilobata sp. nov. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Perla bilobata sp. nov. $ , side view.
Fig. 4. Perla alameda sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Perla duplicata Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Perla duplicata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Perla aestivalis sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 8. Perla aestivalis sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Perla aestivalis sp. nov. eggs.
Fig. 10. Perla aestivalis sp. nov. $, ventral side.
Fig. 11. Perla venosa sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 12. Perla venosa sp. nov. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Perla verticalis Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Perla verticalis Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 15. Perla verticalis Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 16. Perla luctuosa Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 17. Perla luctuosa Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 18. Perla luctuosa Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 19. Perla luctuosa Bks. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 327
PLATE 18.
328 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 19.
Genitalia of Perla and Acroneuria.
Fig. 1. Perla capitata Pict. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Perla capitata Pict. $ , side view.
Fig. 3. Perla capitata Pict. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Perla media Walk. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Perla media Walk. £ , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Perla media Walk. eggs.
Fig. 7. Perla immarginata Say 5, ventral view.
Fig. 8. Perla immarginata Say $, dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Perla immarginata Say eggs.
Fig. 10. Perla immarginata $ genital hooks on tenth tergite.
Fig. 11. Perla kansensis Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 12. Perla Jcansensis Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 13. Acroneuria georgiana Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 14. Acroneuria georgiana Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Acroneuria georgiana Bks. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 16. Acroneuria georgiana Bks. $, variation in tip of subgenital
plate.
Fig. 17. Perla ramosa sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 18. Perla languida sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 19. Perla languida sp. nov. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 20. Perla languida sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
329
PLATE 19.
330 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 20.
Genitalia of Alloperla.
Fig. 1. Alloperla imbe cilia Say $.
Fig. 2. Alloperla imbecilla Say 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Alloperla nanina Bks. $ .
Fig. 4. Alloperla nanina Bks. 9.
Fig. 5. Alloperla signata Bks. 9.
Fig. 6. Alloperla signata Bks. $, penis extruded.
Fig. 7. Alloperla pilosa sp. now 5.
Fig. 8. Alloperla pilosa sp. nov. $ supra-anal process fully extended.
Fig. 9. Alloperla pilosa sp. nov. 9? ventral view.
Fig. 10. Alloperla lineosa Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 11. Alloperla lineosa Bks. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Alloperla serrata sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Alloperla serrata sp. nov. 9, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 331
PLATE 20.
332 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 21.
Genitalia of Alloperla.
Fig. 1. Alloperla oorealis Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 2. Alloperla oorealis Bks. $ .
Fig. 3. Alloperla oorealis Bks. 5 , dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Alloperla mediana Bks. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 5. A lloperla mediana Bks. #.
Fig. 6. Alloperla lateralis Bks. #
Fig. 7. A lloperla lateralis Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 8. Alloperla fidelis Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Alloperla fidelis Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 10. Alloperla fidelis Bks. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 11. Alloperla continua Bks. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 12. Alloperla continua Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Alloperla spatulata sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 14. Alloperla spatulata sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 333
PLATE 21.
334 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 22.
Genitalia of Alloperla.
Fig. 1. Alloperla novascotiana sp. now $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Alloperla paeifiea Bks. $, dorso-lateral view.
Fig. 3. Alloperla paeifiea Bks. 5 , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Alloperla eoloradensis Bks. <$ , side view.
Fig. 4a. Alloperla eoloradensis Bks. <$ , top view of supra-anal process.
Fig. 5. Alloperla eoloradensis 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Alloperla albertensis sp. now $ .
Fig. 7. Alloperla albertensis sp. now 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 8. Alloperla lamha sp. nov. 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 9. Alloperla lamia sp. nov. $ .
Fig. 10. Alloperla ?narginata Bks. $ .
Fig. 11. Alloperla marginata Bks. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 12. Alloperla pallidula Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Alloperla pallidula Bks. 9 , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 335
PLATE 22.
336 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
PLATE 23.
Genitalia of Chloroperla, Paraperla, Kathroperla.
Chloroperla eydippe Newm, $, dorsal view.
Chloroperla eydippe Newm. $ , side view.
Chloroperla eydippe Newm. 9 , ventral view.
Paraperla frontalis Bks. $ , side view.
Paraperla frontalis Bks. eggs.
Paraperla frontalis Bks. $ , ventral view.
Kathroperla perdita Bks. $ , side view.
Kathroperla perdita Bks. $ , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 337
PLATE 23.
338 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1,
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3,
Fig.
4,
Fig.
5,
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9,
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13,
Fig.
14,
Fig.
]r>.
Fig.
16.
Fig.
17.
PLATE 24.
Genitalia of Neoperla, Perlinella, Atoperla, and Perlesta.
Neoperla elymene Newm. $ , dorsal view.
Neoperla elymene Newm. $ , side view.
Neoperla elymene Newm. 9 , ventral view.
Neoperla elymene Newm. egg.
Neoperla elymene Newm. egg.
Perlinella drymo Newm. $ , dorsal view.
Perlinella drymo Newm. $, lateral serrated chitinized plates of
the penis.
Perlinella drymo Newm. 5, ventral view.
Perlinella drymo Newm. $, ventral view.
Atoperla ephyre Newm. $, ventral view.
Atoperla ephyre Newm. egg.
Atoperla ephyre Newm. egg.
Atoperla ephyre Newm. $, dorsal view.
Atoperla ephyre Newm. $ , ventral view.
Perlesta placida Hag. $ , ventral view.
Perlesta placida Hag. $ , side view.
Perlesta placida Hag. eggs.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
339
PLATE 24.
i6 On
340 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 25.
Genitalia of Clioperla, Perla and Isoperla.
Fig. 1. Clioperla ebria Hag. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 2. Clioperla ebria Hag. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 3. Clioperla ebria Hag. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Clioperla clio Newm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 5. Clioperla clio Newm. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Clioperla clio Newm. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 7. Clioperla gravitans sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Clioperla gravitans sp. nov. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Clioperla sobria Hag. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Perla sorpta sp. nov. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Clioperla marmorata sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Isoperla marlynia sp. nov. $, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Isoperla marlynia sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Isoperla marlynia sp. nov. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 15. Perla obscura sp. nov. 9 , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
341
PLATE 25.
.'342 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 26.
Genitalia of Isoperla.
Fig. 1. Isoperla bellona Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Isoperla bellona Bks. $ , 8th sternite.
Fig. 3. Isoperla bellona Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Isoperla fusca sp. nov. $ , penis extruded.
Fig. 5. Isoperla fusca sp. nov. $ , 8th sternite.
Fig. 6. Isoperla fusca sp. nov. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Isoperla ^-punctata Bks. $ .
Fig. 8. Isoperla ^-punctata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Isoperla bilineata Say $ , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Isoperla bilineata Say $ , 8th sternite.
Fig. 11. Isoperla 5 -punctata Bks. #, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Isoperla bilineata Say $.
Fig. 13. Isoperla ventralis Bks. $, 8th sternite.
Fig. 14. Isoperla ventralis Bks. £ , dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Isoperla longiseta Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 16. Isoperla longiseta Bks. $ , 8th sternite.
Fig. 17. Isoperla longiseta Bks. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
343
PLATE 26.
344 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 27.
Genitalia of Isoperla.
Fig. 1. Isoperla marmona Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Isoperla marmona Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Isoperla marmona Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Isoperla signata Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Isoperla signata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Isoperla signata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Isoperla minuta Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Isoperla minuta Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Isoperla minuta Bks. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Isoperla montana $, dorsal view.
Fig. 11. Isoperla montana $ , ventral view.
Fig. 12. Isoperla montana $>> ventral view.
Fig. 13. Isoperla sordida Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Isoperla sordida Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 15. Jsopcrla sordida Bks. $ , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 345
PLATE 27.
34<6 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 28.
Genitalia of Aeroneuria.
Fig. 1. Aeroneuria arevosa Pict. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Aeroneuria arenosa Pict. $, ventral view.
Fig. 3. Aeroneuria abnormis Newm. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Aeroneuria abnormis Kewm. 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 5. Aeroneuria internata Walk. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 6. Aeroneuria internata Walk. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 7. Aeroneuria arida Hag. 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 8. Aeroneuria arida Hag. <J , dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Aeroneuria evoluta Klap. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Aeroneuria evoluta Klap, 9? ventral view.
Fig. 11. Aeroneuria lycorias Newm. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 12. Aeroneuria lycorias Newm. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 13. Aeroneuria carolinensis Bks. 9? ventral view.
Fig. 14. Aeroneuria carolinensis Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Aeroneuria depressa Ndm. & Clsn. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 16. Aeroneuria depressa Ndm. & Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 17. Aeroneuria .calif ornica Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 18. Aeroneuria calif ornica Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 19. Aeroneuria calif ornica Bks. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 20. Aeroneuria calif ornica Bks. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 21. Aeroneuria theodora Ndm. & Clsn. 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 22. Aeroneuria theodora Ndm. & Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 23. Aeroneuria theodora Ndm. & Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 24. Aeroneuria trijuneta Walk. 9> ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 347
PLATE 28.
348 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
PLATE 29.
Genitalia of Acroneuria.
Acroneuria ruralis Hag. $, dorsal view.
Acroneuria ruralis Hag. 5, ventral view.
Acroneuria pennsylvanica Eamb. $ , dorsal view.
Acroneuria pennsylvanica Ramb. 9 , ventral view.
Acroneuria pumila Bks. $, dorsal view.
Acroneuria pumila Bks. $, ventral view.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks. $, ventral view.
Acroneuria xanthenes Newm. $ , ventral view.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks. $ , ventral view.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks. $, dorsal view.
Acroneuria xanthenes Newm. $, dorsal view.
Acroneuria xanthenes Newm. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 349
PLATE 29.
350 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13.
Fig.
14.
Fig.
15.
PLATE 30.
Eggs of Acroneuria.
Acroneuria californica Bks.
Acroneuria xanthenes Nevvm.
Acroneuria pacifica Bks.
Acroneuria theodora Ndm. & Clsn.
Acroneuria internata Walk.
Acroneuria depressa Ndm. & Clsn.
Acroneuria lycorias Newm.
Acroneuria pennsylvanica Ramb.
Acroneuria arida Hag.
Acroneuria arenosa Pict.
Acroneuria evoluta Klap.
Acroneuria abnormis Newm.
Acroneuria ruralis Hag.
Acroneuria trijuncta Walk.
Acroneuria pumila Bks.
Drawings by Dr. Hazel E. Branch.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
351
PLATE 30.
352 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 31.
Genitalia of Peltoperla.
Fig. 1. Peltoperla arcuata Ndm. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Peltoperla arcuata Ndm. £, ventral view.
Fig. 3. Peltoperla arcuata Ndm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Peltoperla Cornelia Ndm. & Sm. 3, dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Peltoperla cornelia Ndm. & Sm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Peltoperla cornelia Ndm. & Sm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Peltoperla maria Ndm. & Sm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 8. Peltoperla anna Ndm. & Sm. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Peltoperla thyra Ndm. & Sm. $ , side view.
Fig. 10. Peltoperla thyra Ndm. & Sm. $, supra-anal process.
Fig. 11. Peltoperla brevis Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Peltoperla brevis Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Peltoperla brevis Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 14. Peltoperla cora Ndm. & Sm. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Peltoperla cora Ndm. & Sm. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 16. Peltoperla cora Ndm. & Sm. 5) ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 353
PLATE 31.
354 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 32.
Wings of Nemoura, Perlomyia and Leuetra.
Fig. 1. Leuetra bradleyi Clsn.
Fig. 2. Nemoura cinctipes Bks.
Fig. 3. Nemoura piinctipennis Clsn.
Fig. 4. Leuetra carolinensis Clsn.
Fig. 5. Perlomyia utahensis sp. nov,
Fig. 6. Nemoura depressa Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 355
PLATE 32.
356 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 33.
Wings of Taeniopteryx and Capnia.
Fig. 1. Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch.
Fig. 2. Taeniopteryx fasciata Burm.
Fig. 3. Taeniopteryx occidentalis Bks.
Fig. 4. Taeniopteryx maura Pict.
Fig. 5. Taeniopteryx paeifica Bks.
Fig. 6. Capnia crinita sp. now
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 357
PLATE 33.
3,58 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 34.
Genitalia of Nemoura.
Fig. 1. Nemoura glabra Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Nemoura glabra Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 3. Nemoura glabra Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 4. Nemoura glabra Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 5. Nemoura frigida Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Nemoura frigida Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Nemoura frigida Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 8. Nemoura divergent Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Nemoura diver gens Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Nemoura diver gens Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 11. Nemoura Columbiana Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 12. Nemoura Columbiana Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Nemoura colmmbiana Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 14. Nemoura delicatula Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 15. Nemoura delicatula Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 16. Nemoura delicatula Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 17. Nemoura delicatula Clsn. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 18. Nemoura bifurcata Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 19. Nemoura bifurcata Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 20. Nemoura bifurcata Clsn. $, side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 359
PLATE 34.
360 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 35.
Genitalia of Nemoura.
Fig. 1. Nemoura biloba Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Nemoura biloba Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Nemoura biloba Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 4. Nemoura biloba Clsn. 5, ventral view.
Fig. 5. Nemoura flexura Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Nemoura flexura Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Nemoura flexura Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 8. Nemoura fltxura Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Nemoura depressa Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Nemoura depressa Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Nemoura depressa Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 12. Nemoura depressa Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Nemoura cornuta Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Nemoura cornuta Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 15. Nemoura cornuta Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 16. Nemoura californica Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 17. Nemoura californica Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 18. Nemoura californica Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 19. Nemoura californica Clsn. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 361
PLATE 35.
.'}()2 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 36.
Genitalia of Nemoura.
Fig. 1. Nemoura sinuata Wu $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Nemoura sinuata Wu $, ventral view.
Fig. 3. Nemoura sinuata Wu 5, side view.
Fig 4. Nemoura sinuata Wa $, ventral view.
Fig. .1. Nemoura venusta Bks. ? , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Nemoura venusta Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 7. Nemoura venusta Bks. <J , ventral view.
Fig. 8. Nemoura venusta Bks. <J , side view.
Fig. 9. Nemoura venosa Bks. <$ , dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Nemoura venosa Bks. $, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Nemoura venosa Bks. $, side view.
Fig. 12. Nemoura venosa Bks. ?, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Nemoura coloradensis Bks. <£, dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Nemoura coloradensis Bks. # , ventral view.
Fig. 15. Nemoura coloradensis Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 16. Nemoura coloradensis Bks. 9? ventral view,
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 363
PLATE 36.
364 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13.
Fig.
14.
Fig.
15.
Fig.
16.
PLATE 37.
Genitalia of Nempura.
Nemoura producta Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Nemoura producta Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Nemoura producta Clsn. $ , side view.
Nemoura producta Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Nemoura cinctipes Bks. $, dorsal view.
Nemoura cinctipes Bks. $, ventral view.
Nemoura cinctipes Bks. $ , side view.
Nemoura cinctipes Bks. $>> ventral view.
Nemoura oregonensis Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Nemoura oregonensis Clsn. $, ventral view.
Nemoura oregonensis Clsn. $ , side view.
Nemoura trispinosa Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Nemoura trispinosa Clsn. $, ventral view.
Nemoura trispinosa Clsn. $ , side view.
Nemoura trispinosa Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Nemoura similis Hag. 9 > ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 365
PLATE 37.
366 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 38.
Genitalia of Nemoura.
Fig. 1. Nemoura vallicularid Wu $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Nemoura vallicularia Wu # , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Nemoura vallicularia Wu $ , side view.
Fig. 4. Nemoura vallicularia Wu 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 5. Nemoura carolinensis Clsn. 5 , dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Nemoura carolinensis Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 7. Nemoura carolinensis Clsn. <$ , side view.
Fig. 8. Nemoura nevadensis Clsn. # , dorsal view.
Fig. 9. Nemoura nevadensis Clsn. £, ventral view.
Fig. 10. Nemoura nevadensis Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 11. Nemoura nevadensis Clsn. 2, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Nemoura washingtoniana Clsn. <$ , dorsal view.
Fig. 13. Nemoura washingtoniana Clsn. <$ , ventral view.
Fig. 14. Nemoura washingtoniana Clsn. <j , side view.
Fig. 15. Namoura washingtoniana Clsn. 2 , ventral view.
Fig. 16. Nemoura interrupta Clsn. £, dorsal view.
Fig. 17. Nemoura interrupta Clsn. <J , ventral view.
Fig. 18. Nemoura interrupta Clsn. #, side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 367
PLATE 38.
368 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 39.
Genitalia of Nemoura.
Fig. 1. Nemoura truncata Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Nemoura truncata Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 3. Nemoura truncata Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 4. Nemoura serrata Clsn, $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Nemoura serrata Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Nemoura serrata Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 7. Nemoura prolongata Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Nemoura prolongata Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Nemoura prolongata Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 10. Nemoura prolongata Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Nemoura rotunda Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Nemoura rotunda Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 13. Nemoura rotunda Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Nemoura rotunda Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 15. Nemoura stigmata Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 16. Nemoura stigmata Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 17. Nemmira stigmata Bks. $, side view.
Fig. 18. Nemoura punctipennis Clsn. 9> ventral view.
Fig. 19. Nemoura punctipennis Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 20. Nemoura punctipennis Clsn. $, side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
369
PLATE 39.
370 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 40.
Male Genitalia of Leuctra.
Tig. 1. Leuctra hamula Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Leuctra hamula Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 3. Leuctra truncata Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Leuctra truncata Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 5. Leuctra decepta Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Leuctra decepta Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 7. Leuctra tenuis Pict. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Leuctra tenuis Piet. $, side view.
Fig. 9. Leuctra liloba Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Leuctra liloba Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 11. Leuctra grandis Bks. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 12. Leuctra grandis Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 13. Leuctra triloba Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Leuctra triloba Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 15. Leuctra sibleyi Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 16. Leuctra sibleyi Clsn. $, side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 371
PLATE 40.
•372 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 41.
Male Genitalia of Leuctra.
Fig. 1. Leuctra carolinensis Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Leuctra carolinensis Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 3. Leuctra carolinensis Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 4. Leuctra duplicata Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 5. Leuctra duplicata Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 6. Leuctra occidentalis Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 7. Leuctra occidentalis Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 8. Leuctra occidentalis Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 9. Leuctra glabra Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Leuctra glabra Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 11. Leuctra glabra Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 12. Leuctra bradleyi Clsn. $, side view.
Fig. 13. Leuctra bradleyi Clsn. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 14. Leuctra bradleyi Clsn. $ , side view showing supra-anal process
drawn out.
Fig. 15. Leuctra bradleyi Clsn. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 373
PLATE 41.
374 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 42.
Female Genitalia of Leuetra.
Fig. 1. Leuetra augusta Bks.
Fig. 2. Leuetra hamula Clsn.
Fig. 3. Leuetra truncata Clsn.
Fig. 4. Leuetra decepta Clsn.
Fig. 5. Leuetra tenuis Piet.
Fig. 6. Leuetra biloba Clsn.
Fig. 7. Leuetra granclis Bks.
Fig. 8. Leuetra triloba Clsn.
Fig. 9. Leuetra duplieata Clsn.
Fig. 10. Leuetra carolinensis Clsn.
Fig. 11. Leuetra sibleyi Clsn.
Fig. 12. Leuetra occidentalis Bks.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 375
PLATE 42.
376 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PL ATI-] 43.
Genitalia of Perlomyia and Leuetra.
Fig. 1. Perlomyia utahensis sp. now $, dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Perlomyia utahensis sp now $, side view.
Fig. 3. Leuetra infuscata Clsn. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Leuetra infuscata Clsn. 9, ventral view.
Fig. 5. Li net en infuscata Clsn. $ , side view.
Fig. 6. Perlomyia collaris Bks. 9 , ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 377
PLATE 43.
378 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
PLATE 44.
Male Genitalia of Taeniopteryx.
Taeniopteryx parvula Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Taeniopteryx parvula Bks. $ , side view.
Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch $ , dorsal view.
Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch $ , side view.
Taeniopteryx maura Pict. $, dorsal view.
Taeniopteryx maura Pict. $ , side view.
Taeniopteryx oregonensis sp. nov. $, dorsal view.
Taeniopteryx oregonensis sp. nov. $ , side view.
PLECOPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA
379
PLATE 44.
J380 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 45.
Male Genitalia of Taeniopteryx.
Fig. 1. Taeniopteryx oecidentalis Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 2. Taeniopteryx oecidentalis Bks. $, side view.
Fig. 3. Taeniopteryx fasciata Burm. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 3a. Taeniopteryx fasciata Burm. $ , subanal lobes.
Fig. 4. Taeniopteryx fasciata Burm. $, side view.
Fig. 5. Taeniopteryx contorta sp. nov. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 6. Taeniopteryx contorta sp. nov. $ , side view.
Fig. 7. Taeniopteryx nigripennis Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 8. Taeniopteryx nigripennis Bks. $, side view.
Fig. 9. Taeniopteryx calif omica sp. nov. $, dorsal view.
Fig. 10. Taeniopteryx calif omica sp. nov. $, side view.
Fig. 11. Taeniopteryx pacifica Bks. $ , dorsal view.
Fig. 12. Taeniopteryx pacifica Bks. $ , side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
381
PLATE 45.
382 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 46.
Genitalia of Taeniopteryx.
Fig. 1. Taeniopteryx occidcntalis Bks. $.
Fig. 2. Taeniopteryx fasciata Burm. $ .
Fig. 3. Taeniopteryx pacifiea Bks. 9 •
Fig. 4. Taeniopteryx nigripennis Bks. 9 .
Fig. 5. Taeniopteryx calif omica sp nov. $ .
Fig. 6. Taeniopteryx grinnelli Bks. $ , side view.
Fig. 7. Taeniopteryx maura Pict. 9 .
Fig. 8. Taeniopteryx nivalis Fitch. 9 .
Fig. 9. Taeniopteryx parvula Bks. 9 .
Fig. 10. Taeniopteryx banksii, nom. nov. 9 .
Fig. 11. Taeniopteryx pallida Bks. 9.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 383
PLATE 46.
•384. THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 47.
Wings of Capniidaf,
Fig. 1. Capnella pygmaea Burni. $ .
Fig. 2. Capnia brevicauda sp. nov.
Fig. 3. Capnella granulat a Clsn. $ .
Fig. 4. Capnia manitoba Clsn.
Fig. 5. Capnella granulata Clsn. 9.
Fig. 6. Capnia vernalis Burm.
Fig. 7. Capnura venosa Bks.
Fig. 8. Capnella pygmaea Burm. $.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 385
PLATE 47.
386 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
12.
PLATE 48.
Genitalia of Capnia.
Capnia vernalis Newp. $ .
Capnia vernalis Newp. $ , ventral view.
Capnia nana Clsn. $ .
Capnia glabra Clsn. $ .
Capnia gracilaria Clsn. $ .
Capnia grandis Bks. $ .
Capnia elongata Clsn. $ .
Capnia excavata Clsn. $ .
Capnia tumida Clsn. $ .
Capnia teresa Clsn. $ .
Capnia calif ornica Clsn. $ .
Capnia fibula Clsn. $.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 387
PLATE 48.
388 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
PLATE 49.
Genitalia of Capnia.
Fig. 1. Capnia fibula Clsn. 9 , ventral view.
Fig. 2. Capnia nearctica Bks. $.
Fig. 2a. Capnia nearctica Bks. 5, dorsal view of supra-anal process.
Fig. 3. Capnia nearctica Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 4. Capnia decepta Bks. 5 •
Fig. 4a. Capnia decepta Bks. $ , dorsal view of supra-anal process.
Fig. 5. Capnia decepta Bks. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 6. Capnia columbiana Clsn. $ .
Fig. 7. Capnia columbiana Clsn. 9 > ventral view.
Fig. 8. Capnia manitoba Clsn. $ .
Fig. 9. Capnia manitoba Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Fig. 10. Capnia barberi Clsn. <J .
Fig. 11. Capnia baJceri Bks, 5, ventral view.
Fig. 12. Capnia brevicauda Clsn. $, ventral view.
Fig. 13. Capnura venosa Bks. $, ventral view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA 389
PLATE 49.
300 THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
2a.
Fig.
3.
Fig.
4.
Fig.
5.
Fig.
6.
Fig.
6a.
Fig.
7.
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9.
Fig.
10.
Fig.
11.
PLATE 50.
Genitalia of Capnella.
Capnella pygmaea Burm. $ , dorsal view.
Capnella pygmaea Burm. $ , side view.
Capnella pygmaea Burm. $, tip of supra-anal process.
Capnella pygmaea Burm. 9 > ventral view.
Capnella vivipara Clsn. $.
Capnella vivipara Clsn. $, ventral view.
Capnella granulate Clsn. $ .
Capnella granulata Clsn. $, knobs on seventh tergite. dorsal
view.
Capnella granulata Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Capnella recta Clsn $.
Capnella recta Clsn. $ , ventral view.
Capnella incisura Clsn. $, ventral view.
Capnella incisura Clsn. $, side view.
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
391
PLATE 50.
392
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
INDEX
abnormis 175, 178
Aeroneuria 10, 25, 173
A. al nnis 175, 178
A. arenosa 14, 180, 185
A. arida 185
A. attenuata 181
A. brevieauda 194
A. californiea 192
A. carolinensis 190
A. concolor 192
A. depressa 191
A. evoluta 186
A. excavata 189
A. georgiana 195
A. hieroglyphica 96
A. internata 184
A. lyeorias 25, 189
A. nigrita 187
A. pacifica „.8, 28, 187
A. pennsylvanica 182
A. pumila 188
A. qnebecensis 181
A. rupinsulensis 181
A. ruralis 28, 181
A. sonans 179
A. theodora 192
A. trijuncta 183
A. valida 185
A. xanthenes 194
ada 167
aestivalis 87
alameda 78
albertensis 116
Alloperla 104
A. albertensis 116
A. brevis 128
A. borealis 118
A. coloradensis 113
A. continua 117
A. fidelis 119
A. imbecilla 125
A. infirma 108
A. lamba 115
A. lateralis 112
A. lineosa 123
A. marginata 110
A. mediana 122
A. minuta 147
A. nanina 126
A. noyascotiana 113
A. pacifica Ill
A. pallidula 108
A. pilosa 124
A. serrata 124
A. signata 121
A. Bpatula 120
americana, Perla 96
americana, Perlodes 61
Amphinemoura 198
anal veins 14
anna 168, 169
annecta 140
antennae 11
apicalis 127
areuata 170
Areynopteryx 200
A. americana 61
A. aurea 62
A. ignota 63
A. inornata 59
A. lineata 60
A. minor 64
A. vagans 62, 66
arenosa 14, 175, 180, 185
arida 185
Arsapnia 253
A. decepta 264
A. grandis 259
Atoperla 160
attenuata 1 81
augusta 224
aurea 62
badia 42, 43
bakeri 268
banksii 249
barberi :....267
bellona 151
bifurcata 204
bilineata .154
biloba, Pteronarcys 40
biloba, Ncmoura 205
biloba, Leuctra 225
bilobata 95
borealis 118, 120
bradleyi, Leuctra 225
bradleyi, Perlodes 54, 55
brevieauda, Aeroneuria 194
brevieauda, Capnia 261f
brevis, Alloperla 128
brevis, Chloroperla 128
brevis, Peltoperla •. 171
brunneipennis 158
californiea, Aeroneuria 192
californiea, Capnia 2ti2
ralitoi nica, Nemoura 207
californiea, Pteronarcys 37, 38
californiea, Taeniopteryx 247
eapitata, Perla 47, 96
capitata, Phasganophora 96
Capnia 253
C. bakeri 268
C. barberi 26?
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
393
INDEX
C. brevicauda 269
C. californica 262
C. Columbiana 265
C. crinita 269
C. deeepta 264
C. elongata 260
C. exeavata 260
C. fibula 263
C. glabra 258
C. gracilaria 258
C. grandis 239
C. manitoba 266
C. nana 257
C. nearctiea 264
C. nigra 254
C. teresa 262
('. tumida 261
C. vernalis 254, 256
Capniidae 8, 252
Capnella 271
C. granulata 272, 273
C. incisura 275
C. pygmaea 277
C. recta 274, 278
C. vivipara 276
Capnura 270
C. venosa 270
carolinensis, Acroneuria 190
carolinensis, Leuctra 226
carolinensis, Nemoura 215
cerci 29
Chloroperla 127
C. apicalis 127
C. borealis 118
C. brevis I....128
G. clymene 134
C. coloradensis 113
C. cydippe 128
C. marginata 110
C. minuta 147
& montana 155
C. paeifica Ill
C. pallidula 108
C. 5-punctata 151
C. signata 121
C. virginica 158
cinctipes, Nemoura 212
cinctipes, Perlinella 158
cinctipes, Perlesta 158
claws 12
clio 139
Clioperla 137
C. armecta 140
C. ebria 141
C. clio 139
C. gravitans 138
C. marmorata 142
C. similis 138
C. slossonae 144
C. sobria 143
clvmene 28, 134
collaris 235, 236
collecting 9
coloradensis, Alloperla 113, 116
coloradensis, Chloroperla 113
coloradensis, Nemoura 210
columbiana, Nemoura 203
columbiana, Capnia 265
colubrinus 72, 73
concolor 192
continua 117
contorta 242
cora 172
Cornelia 167, 169
cornuta 207
costal vein 13
costalis 158
crinita 269
cubital vein 14
cydippe 128
deeepta, Leuctra 227
deeepta, Arsapnia 264
deeepta, Capnia 264
decipiens 158
delicatula 204
depressa, Acroneuria 191
depressa, Nemoura 206
Dictopteryx 50
D. irregularis 58
D. microcephala 51
Dictyogenus 200
D. phaleratus 91
D. signata 55
divergens 203
dorothea .• 167
dolobrata 55
dorsata, Pteronarcys 35, 37
dorsata, Sialis 35
drvmo, Isogenus 163, 164
drymo, Perlinella 28, 164
duplicata, Perla 87, 94
duplicata, Leuctra 227
ebria 141
Eccoptura 194
elongata, Capnia 260
elongata, Perla 164
elongata, Perlinella 164
elongatus, Isogenus 71
ephyre 161
evoluta 1 86
exeavata, Acroneuria 189
exeavata, Capnia 260
eyes 11
fasciata 243
fibula 263
fidelis 119
394
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION'
INDEX
five-punctata 151
flavescens, Perla 96
flexura 205
food 9
frontal ridge 11
frontalis, Isogenus 69, 72, 73
frontalis, Nephelion 69
frontalis, Paraperla 130
frigida 202
fugitans 85
fumipennis 161
fumosa 102
fusea 146
geniculata 223
genital characters 27
georgiana 195
glabra, Nemoura 202
glabra, Leuctra 228
glabra, Capnia 258
gracilaria 258
grandis, Capnia 259
grandis, Leuctra 229
granulata 272, 273
gravitans 137, 138
grinnelli 248
habitat 47
hamula 229
hastata 84
hieroglyphica 96
ignota 63
illustris 96
imbecilla 105, 125
immarginata 102
incisura 275
infirma 1 08
infuscata 230
innota 96
innubila 77
instars 9
Isogenus 68
I. clio 137
I. eolubrinus 72
I. drymo 163, 164
I. elongatus 71
I. frontalis 69
I. nebecula 68
interrupta 217
isolata 89
Isoperla 144
I. bellona 151
I. bilineata 21, 154
I. brunneipennis 158
I. clio 139
I. ebria 141
I. fusea 146
I. isolata 89
I. longiseta 156
I. marlynia 148
I. marmona 153
I. minuta 147
I. montana 155
I. 5-punctata 151
I. signata 149
I. sordida 152
I. texana 158
I. ventralis 150
Isoptervx 127
I. eydippe 128
kansensis 99
Kathroperla 10, 130, 131
K. perdita 132
lamba 115, 116
languida 47, 100
lateralis 112
legs 12
Leuctra 27, 222
L. augusta 224
L. biloba 225
L. bradleyi 225
L. carolinensis 226
L. decepta 227
L. duplicata 227
L. geniculata 223
L. glabra 228
L. grandis 229
L. hamula 229
L. infuscata 230
L. occidentals 231
L. sibleyi 232
L. triloba 233
L. tenella 232
L. tenuis 232
L. truncata 234
lineata 60
lineosa 123
luetuosa 97
lurida 103
lyeorias 189
manitoba 266
maria 169
marginata 109, 110
marginipes 96
marlynia 148
marmona 153
marmorata 142
maura, Taeniopteryx 239
maura, Nemoiira 239
maxima 74
median vein 14
media 103
mediana 122
metamorphosis 10
Megarcys irregularis 58
M. signata 55, 58
microcephala 51
minuta 147
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
395
INDEX
modesta 88, 92
rnontana 155
mouth parts 9, 13
nana 257
nanina 126
navalis 189
nearetica . 264
nebecula 68
Nemourella 198
Nemoura 6, 27, 197, 198
N. bifureata 204
N. biloba 205
N. californica 207
N. carolinensis 215
N. cinctipes 212
N. coloradensis 210
N. cohunbiana 203
N. cornuta 207
N. delicatula 204
N. depressa 206
N. divergens 203
N. fasciata 243
N flexura 205
N. frigida 202
N. glabra 202
N. interrupta 217
N. maura 239
N. nevadensis 216
N. oregonensis 213
N. produeta 211
N. prolongata 219
N. punctipennis 221
N. rotunda 219
N. serrata 218
N. similis _...214
N. sinuata 208
N. stigma 220
N. stylata 209
N. tenuis 232
N. truncata 218
N. washingtoniana 217
N. vallicularia 9, 215
N. venosa 209
N. venusta 209
N. variegata 198
Nemouridae 31, 196
Neoperla 11, 133
N. clymene 19, 28, 134
N fumipennis 161
N. occipitalis 135
Nephelion 68
N. frontalis 69
nevadensis 216
nobilis 36
nona 86
novascotiana 113
nigra 254
nigrita 187
nigripennis 245
nivalis 240
nymph 8
obscura 92
ocelli 11
Ochthopetina 133
occidentalis, Leuctra 231
occidentals, Taeniopteryx ]96, 250
oregonensis, Nemoura 213
oregonensis, Taeniopteryx 248
paeifica, Acroneuria 28, 187
pacifiea, Alloperla Ill
paeifica, CMoroperla Ill
pacifiea, Taeniopteryx 246
pallidula 108
pallida 250
Paraperla 129
P. frontalis 130
parvula 241
Peltoperla 11, 165
P. ada 167
P. anna 168, 169
P. arcuata 166, 170
P. brevis 171
P. cora 172
P. Cornelia 167, 169
P. dorothea 167
P. maria 169
P. thyra 170
pennsylvanica 182
perdita 132
Perla 73
P. abnormis 178
P. aestivalis 87
P. alameda 78
P. americana 96
P. annulipes 96
P. arenosa 175, 180
P. arida 185
P. bilineata 154
P. biloba 95
P. brunneipennis 158
P. capitata 17, 47, 96
P. clio -.139
P. clymene 134
P. decipiens 158
P. dorsata 34
P. drymo 164
P. duplicata 87, 94
P. ebria 141
P. elongata 164
P. ephyre 161
P. expansa 81
P. illustris 96
P. imbecilla 125
P. immarginata 6, 102
P. incesta 69
P. innota 96
P. innubila 77
P. fiavescens 96
396
THOMAS SAY FOUNDATION
INDEX
P. fugitans 85
P. fumipennis 161
P. fumosa 102
P. georgiana 195
P. hieroglyphics 96
P. kansensis 99
P. languida 47, 100
P. lurida 103
P. luctuosa 97
P. lyeorias 189
P. marginipes 96
P. maxima 74
P. media 103
P. modesta 88, 92
P. navalis 189
P. nona 86
P. obscura 92
P. oceiptalis 134
P. pennsylvanica 182
P. phalerata 91
P. picta 89
P. placida 157
P. producta 161
P. postica 82
P. ramosa 98
P. ruralis 181
P. sabulosa 101
P. similis 138
P. slossonae 144
P. sobria 143
P. sordida 152
P. sorpta 90
P. subvarians 82
P. sulcata 69
P. tineta 89
P. titusi 69
P. tri.juncta 183
P. tristis 96
P. trivittata 164
P. varians 16, 83
P. venosa 11, 93
P. vertiealis 89
P. xanthenes 194
Perlesta 156
P. costalis 158
P. placida 158
P. virginica 158
Perlidae 47
Perlinella 162
P. cinctipes 158
P. elongata 164
P. frontalis 130
P. signata 149
P. trivittata 164
Perlodea 50
P. amcricana 61
P. aurea 62
P. bradleyi 53, 54
P. dolobrata 52
P. ignota 63
P. irregularis 58
P. lineata 60
P. minor 64
P. signata 55, 57, 59
P. slossonae 59
P. tibialis 54
I'. vagans 66
P. yosemite 56
Perlodini 50
Perlomyia 234
P. collaris 235
P. utahensis 255
phalerata 91
Phasganophora 96
P. capitata 96
P. media 103
picta 89
pilosa 124
placida 158
postica 81, 82
preserving 9
princeps 34, 38
producta, Nemoura 211
producta, Atoperla 161
prolongate 219
Protarcys bradleyi 53
proteus 33, 39, 40
prothorax 11
Protonemoura 198
Pseudoperla 133
P. occipitalis 135
Pteronarcella 32, 41
P. badia 46
P. torosa 42, 46
Pteronarcidae 31, 32
Pteronarcvs 11, 32, 33
P. badia 42, 43
P. bicarnatus 40
P. biloba 40
P. californica 37, 38
P. comstocki 41
P. dorsata 16, 33, 35, 37
P. fumipennis 38
P. nobilis 36
P. pictetii 36
P. princeps 34, 38
P. proteus 33, 39, 40, 41
P. regalis 33, 35, 46
P. regularis 43, 44, 46
P. spinosa 39, 40
pumila 188
punctipennia 221
pygmaea 277
quebecensis 181
quinquepunctata 151
PLECOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA
39^
INDEX
radius 14
ramosa 98
recta 274, 278
regalis 33
regularis 42, 44, 46
Rhabdiopteryx 243
R. fasciata 243
rotunda 219
rupinsulensis 181
ruralis 181
sabulosa 101
Semblis 243
S. fasciata 243
S. pygmaea 277
serrata, Alloperla 124
serrata, Nemoura 218
Sialis 145
S. bilineata 145, 154
S. dorsata 35
S. imbecilla 105, 125
sibleyi 232
similis 214
sinuata 208
signata, Alloperla 121
signata, Chloroperla 121
signata, Isoperla 149
signata, Perlinella 57, 59, 149
slossonae, Clioperla 144
slossonae, Perla 144
slossonae, Perlodes 59
sobria 1 43
sonans 179
sordida 152
sorpta 90
spatulata 120
spinosa 40
stylata 209
stigma 220
sulcata 69
subvarians 82
subcostal vein 14
subgenital plate 10
Taeniopteryx 8, 12, 27, 236
T. analis 246
T. banksii 249
T. contorta 242
T. californica 247
T. fasciata 243
T. frigida 243
T. grinnelli 248
T. maura 12, 239
T. nigripennis 245
T. nivalis 240
T. oregonensis 248
T. occidental 196, 250
T. parvula 241
T. pacifica 9, 246, 250
T. pallida 249, 250
T. similis 214
T. trifasciata 237
tails 29
tenella 232
tenuis 232
terrestris 262
texana 158
theodora 192
thyra 170
tibial spurs 12
tincta , 89
titusi 69
torosa 42
trijuncta 183
triloba, Leuetra 233
triloba, Pteronareella 43
trivittata 164
truncata, Leuetra 234
truncata, Nemoura 218
tubercles 11
tumida 261, 262
utahensis 235
vagans 51, 66
valida 185
vallicularia 215
varians 83
variation 10, 15, 27
venosa, Capnura 270
venosa, Nemoura 209
venosa, Perla 93
venusta 209
vernalis 254, 256
verticalis 89
venation 12
ventralis 150
vivipara 276
washingtoniana 217
xanthenes, Acroneuria 194
xanthenes, Eccoptura 194
xanthenes, Perla 194
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